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Piaget's concepts
Piaget theory strengths of cognitive development
Questions about operant conditioning
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Psychology of Learning Constructivist-Social Constructionist Theory Piaget's Constructivist Theory Piaget (constructivist) believed that children are active learners and not just empty vessels. He believed that children go through 4 stages: 1. Sensori-motor stage (0-2)- a newborn is focused on sensory and motor experiences who then progresses to a toddler who has a capacity for thinking 2. Pre-operational Stage (2-7) - In this stage, children are preparing to perform operations and still require physical props like fingers when counting. 3. Concrete operational stage (7-11) - Children learn to conserve. 4. Formal operational stage (11-) Piaget believed that as children begin to understand their world, they formed schemas. Schemas are a mental …show more content…
They associated the lab coat with food. He began ringing a bell (the stimulus) each time the dogs were about to be fed, and within a short time the dogs began to salivate (the response) when they heard the bell. Classical conditioning is when the body automatically responds to a stimulus. Operant Conditioning happens when behaviour is reinforced by being either rewarded (which increases the likelihood reoccurring or punished. Learning occurs as a result of this process. Source: Flood (2013) The theory of multiple intelligences The theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of education at Harvard University. It suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. These intelligences are: • Linguistic intelligence (“word smart”) •Logical-mathematical intelligence (“number/reasoning smart”) •Spatial intelligence (“picture …show more content…
It is an immaturity in the way that the brain processes information, which results in messages not being properly or fully transmitted. The term dyspraxia comes from the word praxis, which means ‘doing, acting’. Dyspraxia affects the planning of what to do and how to do it. It is associated with problems of perception, language and thought. Source: www.dyspraxiafoundation.org.uk [Date accessed 13/03/2018] Up to 10% of the population is thought to be affected by dyspraxia and males are four times more likely to be affected than females. The symptoms of dyspraxia are varied and can be complicated when the child has other related conditions e.g. Asperger’s syndrome, ADHD, dyslexia or dyscalculia (maths). Symptoms include: • Babies can be slow to reach their developmental milestones like sitting up, crawling (many babies will bottom shuffle instead of crawling and then walk) and walking. • They can find dressing themselves difficult (poor fine motor skills) • In turn they can find using a pencil/ crayon hard. • Older children can find staying still difficult (feet swinging/tapping or hand-clapping) • Can be clumsy, bump into objects, fall, knock things over. • Find pedalling a bike or tricycle difficult. • Can become distressed which can lead to temper tantrums. • Poor fine motor skills when eating. • Can have language
Sensorimotor stage that ranges from age birth to two where the baby begins learning through his senses and body control.
Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years old) – Children begin to make sense of the world around them based on their interaction with their physical environment. Reality begins to be defined.
Preoperational- During this stage, children around ages 2-7 begin to learn and use language. They start to understand meaning behind words, and their mental actions but they are unable to think “backwards” or truly understand why others do what they do; they cannot process others point of views. Also, they start to “pretend play”.
Beginning at birth and lasting for the first 24 months of a child’s life, the sensorimotor stage is a period of rapid cognitive growth. The infant has no concept of the world around him, other than what he sees from his own perspective and experiences through his senses and motor movements. One of the most important developments in
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
The unconditioned learning is unlearned, the operant conditioning is our voluntary behaviour and modeling (cognitive behaviour) is learned by our attention and memory. I think that the operant conditioning is the best method to learn because it encourages people to maintain a good expected behaviour and it decreases the thoughts of negative behaviour. To learn is a principal of life that can also bring a change in certain behaviours because there is a growth in our level of maturity, and also, since we become conditioned to stimuli, we learn to react certain ways which helps us grow as people and decrease abnormal
In the first stage, sensorimotor, the child starts to build an understanding of its world by synchronising sensory encounters with physical actions. They become capable of symbolic thought and start to achieve object permanence.
When it comes to application of Piaget’s theory, it’s crucial to remember he didn’t think intellectual development is a quantitative process, i.e. you aren’t just adding more information to existing knowledge over time. Instead, development is about qualitative change, meaning that you gradually process more information and change your existing understanding accordingly.
Sensory – motor · Babies and young children learn through their senses, activity and interaction with their environment. · They understand the world in terms of actions. 2. Pre – operations · Young children learn through their experiences with real objects in their immediate environment. · They use symbols e.g. words and images to make sense of their world.
Jean Piaget is a Switzerland psychologist and biologist who understand children’s intellectual development. Piaget is the first to study cognitive development. He developed the four stages of cognitive development: the sensori-motor stage, preoperational stage, the concrete operational and the formal operational stage. Piaget curiosity was how children cogitate and developed. As they get mature and have the experience, children’s will get knowledgeable. He suggested that children develop schemas so they can present the world. Children’s extend their schemas through the operation of accommodation and assimilation.
The Sensorimotor stage – this stage occurs when the child is born till when he/she is two years old.
Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children's cognitive development took place in stages. (Jarvis, Chandler 2001 P.149). However they were distinguished by different styles of thinking. Piaget was the first t reveal that children reason and think differently at different periods in their lives. He believed that all children progress through four different and very distinct stages of cognitive development. This theory is known as Piaget’s Stage Theory because it deals with four stages of development, which are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. (Ginsburg, Opper 1979 P. 26).
Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development suggests that children have four different stages of mental development. The main concept of Jean Piaget’s theory is that he believes in children being scientists by experimenting with things and making observations with their senses. This approach emphasizes how children’s ability to make sense of their immediate everyday surroundings. Piaget also proposed that children be perceived to four stages based on maturation and experiences.
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
Piaget theorised that children’s thinking goes through changes at each of four stages (sensory, motor, concrete operations and formal operations) of development until they can think and reason as an adult. The stages represent qualitatively different ways of thinking, are universal, and children go through each stage in the same order. According to Piaget each stage must be completed before they can move into the next one and involving increasing levels of organisation and increasingly logical underlying structures. Piaget stated that the ‘lower stages never disappear; they become inte... ...