1.1 INTRODUCTION
Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2. Monoethylene glycol (MEG), also known as ethylene glycol (EG) or simply glycol, is a diol mostly used for the production of polyester fibers and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resins. It is also used in antifreeze applications and in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. MEG is conventionally produced through the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide (EO), which itself is obtained via ethylene oxidation.
Molecular structure:
(Sources: Wikipedia, American Chemistry Council, Shel)
1.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The physical and chemical properties of ethylene glycol are listed in table below.
Table 1.2 Physical and chemical properties
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Table 1.3 Usage of ethylene glycol
Usage Description
As antifreeze and coolant. Ethylene glycol helps keep your car’s engine from freezing in the winter and acts as a coolant to reduce overheating in the summer.
Heat transfer fluids. Heat transfer fluids used as industrial coolants for gas compressors, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems, and ice skating rinks.
As raw material Ethylene glycol also is used as a raw material in the production of a wide range of products including polyester fibers for clothes, upholstery, carpet and pillows. Fiberglass used in products such as jet skis, bathtubs, and bowling balls and polyethylene terephthalate resin used in packaging film and bottles. Many of these products are energy saving and cost efficient as well as recyclable.
Natural gas industry Ethylene glycol is used in the natural gas industry to remove water vapor from natural gas before further processing, in much the same manner as triethylene glycol (TEG)
(Source : The uses of ethylene glycol , American Chemistry
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Qatar, 1,600,000
(Source: Oil and Gas Journal)
2.4 PLANT CAPACITY
Ethylene glycol is widely used in many sectors such as production of polyester fibre, polyester resins and others. Due to the various usage of ethylene glycol, the high and increasing demand of ethylene glycol is expected.
Supply : 20,000 kilo tonnes per year
Demand : 22,815.4 kilo tonnes per year
Deficient : demand – supply = 22,815.4-20,000 = 2,815.4 kilo tonnes per year
The plant capacity of ethylene glycol is estimated to be 450 kilo tonnes per year. This plant will be in operation 8400 hours per year.
Plant capacity = (450,000 x 1000) / 8400 =53,571 kg/h
3.1 WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT
Waste is unwanted or unusable material. The production of ethylene glycol will produce monoethylene glycol (MEG) and three by-products which are diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG) and waste
hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning
The boiling point of the product was conducted with the silicone oil. Lastly, for each chemical test, three test tubes were prepared with 2-methylcyclohexanol, the product, and 1-decene in each test tube, and a drop of the reagent were added to test tubes. The percent yield was calculated to be 74.8% with 12.6g of the product obtained. This result showed that most of 2-methylcyclohexanol was successfully dehydrated and produced the product. The loss of the product could be due to the incomplete reaction or distillation and through washing and extraction of the product. The boiling point range resulted as 112oC to 118oC. This boiling point range revealed that it is acceptable because the literature boiling point range included possible products, which are 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, and methylenecyclohexane, are 110 to 111oC, 104oC, and 102 to 103 oC. For the results of IR spectroscopy, 2-methylcyclocahnol showed peaks at 3300 cm-1 and 2930 cm-1, which indicated the presence of alcohol and alkane functional group. Then, the peak from the product showed the same peak at 2930 cm-1 but the absence of the other peak, which indicated the absence of the alcohol
In this paper over natural refrigerant I will be covering the pros and cons of natural refrigerant in light commercial and residential applications. There are many natural substances in this world that can be used to help or decrease the efficiency of a heating ventilation air conditioning system. Some of these substances are water, air, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. All these substances are natural that come from the earth we live on. Over the course of this paper I will be covering the pros and cons of swamp coolers, geo thermal heating and cooling units and how these natural substances can help and or decrease how your heating and cooling unit performs.
Starting materials availability: Availability of bulk chemicals that are cost effective must also be considered
This fluid is made up of 32.5% urea in 67.5% de-ionized water. This mixture is then injected into the exhaust stream using an advanced catalyst system. When DEF is released into the exhaust stream the hot exhaust causes the fluid to release ammonia which then breaks down the greenhouse harming gas of NOx into nitrogen and water. This fluid must be refilled at approximately every 10,000 miles (Voelcker).
Before using ethylene to produce polyethylene, the compound needs to be purified to almost 100%. In order to reach this level of purity the ethylene needs to be freed of olefins, acetylenes, dienes and water through several processes such as: driers are used to take out the water, a demethanizer is used to remove methane, etc. ...
Process da: This low temperature liquid then enters the evaporator where it absorbs heat from the space to be cooled namely the refrigerator and becomes vapour
It is used in the production of dyes, fertilizers, and chlorides as well as in electroplating and in the photographic, textile and rubber industries.
The synthesis of polymers starts with ethylene, (or ethene). Ethylene is obtained as a by-product of petrol refining from crude oil or by dehydration of ethanol. Ethylene molecules compose of two methylene units (CH2) linked together by a double carbon
The performance curves based on the ethylene glycol solution will be compared to those developed using water as the base to examine the effect, if any, the viscosity and density of the liquid has on the pump.
Allyl sucrose is used for different applications like; coating material, medicines, cosmetics, epoxy resins, etc. [1]. These compounds can be used as film-forming materials/plastic compositions
Cellulose is an abundant polysaccharide consisting of a β-1, 4 linkage of D-glucose [1,3]. There is an array of applications for cellulose, including, but not limited to: biofuels, reinforcement agents, thickeners, dietary fiber, and even wound care. As of late, cellulose, as a waste product, has been in high demand as a reinforcement agent in synthetic, petroleum-based polymer matrices (petroleum based plastics) [3]. Cellulose I has good flexibility, it is abundant in nature and also biodegradable. Because of its fiber- like structure, it has been compared to carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) [3].
After this compound is formed, then comes the polymerisation stage1. In the polymerisation stage the compound that is produced is heated at a temperature of 260oC and at a low pressure1. A catalyst is required at this stage to speed up the reaction - there are many options for catalysts such as antimony (iii) oxide1. After this step the polyester is formed and half of the ethane1,2- diol is restored which is removed1.
made from oil and natural gas. Using plastics to replace packaging materials such as metal
Wastes are the products of our consumptions in our daily life routines such as lunch, work, school and other things we do. Little things such as throwing out a piece of paper, we are producing waste by the seconds. After we consume a product we usually throw out what’s left that can’t be consumed any further. Results in producing waste, substance that are born after it’s been use or consume by us. At the end of each day we throw out a bag full of garbage, all of the materials in that bag (paper towels, cans, leftover foods and many other material’s) all of these are waste. Hospitals produce medical waste such as use needles for treating patients. Corporations produce papers, plastics, tires, steels, cans and many other type of solid waste which contribute to the pollutions that cause health risk and other environmental issues.