Study case on Photons Detectors using LED, Infrared, Pin photodiode and avalanche photo diode
The term photon means “visible-light particle”, is define as the fundamental particle of visible light. Isaac Newton was among the first scientists to say that light consists of particles; Photons moves through empty space at approximately 299,792 Km/s. However Infrared rays, visible light, Radio waves, Ultraviolet and X-rays Particular that contains an amount of Energy that depends on the wavelength consist of Photons.
Photons detectors detect or count photons of light “LED, Photodiodes”. Photons detectors absorb photons and produce the effect of it. Quantum or Photon detectors produce one response element for a single photon in response to the incoming
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2.2 Photon
2.2.1 What is photon?
Photon is defined as the fundamental particle of visible light and the quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
Quantum means the smallest unit of a quantity because one quantum of electromagnetic energy is called a photon
The speed of light or photon in a vacuum is 186,282 miles/second; knowing that photon are massless or have no weight only Kinetic energy.
2.2.2 How Photon is created
A photon is created whenever a single electron in a higher than normal orbit falls back to its normal energy; during the fall from high to normal energy it is when the electron emits a photon. Photons are not charged.
2.3 Light Emitting Diode “LED”
LEDs are particular type of diode that converts electrical energy into light. LED stands for “Light Emitting Diode”. LEDs are all around us, in our devices as computer, portable, our cars and even our homes. When something electronic lights up, there’s a good chance that an LED is behind
where A is number of entangled pairs and C is an o set.O set is necessary as
The definition of radiation is the emission of energy electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization. One of the scientist who discovered radiation was Henri Becquerel, the way the French scientist discovered radioactivity was when we was conducting an experiment with uranium-bearing crystals to sun light, then put it on a photographic plate, he then had set off his experiment for a few days because it was very cloudy and the sun wasn’t shining so Henri put the sample uranium and the plate the same sealed drawer. When he went to get the uranium and photographic plate, Becquerel then discovered that the crystals left a clear image on the photographic plate, Henri wondered how that could happen because there was no energy to produce the image but Henri then discovered that a piece of mineral which contained uranium could produce its image on a photographic plate without light, Henri realized that it was radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford among his many accomplishments one of them were the way he took part in radioactivity by...
In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell revolutionized physics by publishing A Treatise On Electricity And Magnetism (James C. Maxwell, Bio.com), in which his equations described, for the first time, the unified force of electromagnetism (Stewart, Maxwell’s Equations), and how the force would influence objects in the area around it (Dine, Quantum Field Theory). Along with other laws such as Newton’s Law Of Gravitation, it formed the area of physics called classical field theory (Classical Field Theory, Wikipedia). However, over the next century, quantum mechanics were developed, leading to the realization that classical field theory, though thoroughly accurate on a macroscopic scale, simply would not work at a quantum, or subatomic scale, due to the extremely different behaviour of elementary particles. Scientists began developing a new ideas that would describe the behaviour of subatomic particles when subjected to the fundamental forces (QFT, Columbia Electronic Dictionary)(QFT, Britannica School). Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is always constant and as a result, both space and time are, in contrary, relative, was combined into this new theory, allowing for accurate descriptions of elementary
The author tells of how waves are effected by quantum mechanic. He also discusses the fact that electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are actually particles and waves. He continues to discuss how matter particles are also matter, but because of their h bar, is so small, the effects are not seen. Green concludes the quantum mechanics discussion by talking about the uncertainty principle.Chapter 5: The need for a New Theory: General Relativity vs.
a vacuum has been given its own symbol: c. The speed of light in any
Quantum Mechanics is a branch of physics that describes the structure and behavior of matter.
Now the description of light is harder concept to grasp. We describe light by using wavelength and frequency. Wavelength would be the distance between two corresponding points on a wave. Frequency would be the number of waves that passes a point per second. For example the wavelengths of visible light such as red would be visible at seven hundred nanometers. Another example on how we describe light is to take the color green, for it to be visible it would have a wavelength of five hundred nanometers and a frequency of 6 x 10 14/s. Light can also be described on our scale as both waves and particles or packets of light called photons. The energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency. The last way we can describe light is to use the Atomic Spectra. The atomic spectra give only specific colors in a line spectrum, where each line is a specific wavelength of light. For example colored light, such as light from a neon sign would work perfectly with the atomic spectra.
Electromagnetic spectrum is a list of the most possible range of electromagnetic radiation around us. their many different electromagnetic radiation in the world. for example we got radio radiation, sun 's radiation , microwaves radiation, etc. many of ths radiation have different level of wavelength, energy, frequency, and also different classes. the way the electromagnetic spectrum works is by wavelength. the bigger the wave length the smaller power it have. the small wavelength is the most power it have. for example a radio tower, it haves a wavelength of the size of a football field. that wave meter is 105 and it frequency is 104. this is one of the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic. in the other hand Gamma Ray is one of the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic but it hav...
universe, especially material objects, have some kind of sole or is a living being.) These
This is not the intention of the use of the word in quantum physics. Quantum particles are, instead, representations of the actions and reactions of forces at the sub-atomic level. In fact, physicists are less concerned with the search for a material particle underlying all physical objects and more interested in explaining how nature works. Quantum theory is the means that enables the physicist to express those explanations in a scientific way. Modern science is based on material, experimental evidence, but if matter is non-material as the physicist's fundamental forces suggest, then it will not be able to explain what matter is.
1.) Dimension - is any part of and object or event that can be measured.
Quantum mechanics was pioneered by Max Planck, who developed the formula E = hv—which is the base for much of the quantum mechanical field. Quantum theory (the origin of quantum mechanics), as described in Talking Tech, was, at its early core, a handful of theories and hypotheses regarding energy quantization and wave-particle duality (Rheingold and Levine). The book goes on to explain how this realm of science is basically an extension of physics attempting to derive a mathematical specification of how the entirety of the universe operates and behaves at the subatomic level. Conversely, it also describes how quantum theory also diverges from classical physics in that it stipulates that the only...
At the atomic scale of quantum mechanics, however, measurement becomes a very delicate process. Let's say you want to find out where an electron is and where it is going (that trooper has a feeling that any electron he catches will be going faster than the local speed limit). How would you do it? Get a super high powered magnifier and look for it? The very act of looking depends upon light, which is made of photons, and these photons could have enough momentum that once they hit the electron they would change its course! It's like rolling the cue ball across a billiard table and trying to discover where it is going by bouncing the 8-ball off of it; by making the measurement with the 8-ball you have certainly altered the course of the cue ball. You may have discovered where the cue ball was, but now have no idea of where it is going (because you were measuring with the 8-ball instead of actually looking at the table).
Quantum Teleportation is one of the newest areas of study in the field of quantum physics. It is the stuff of science fiction, which is fast becoming reality, where solid objects can be moved vast distances instantly. It has been the subject of books and movies for years but it wasn’t until recently that physicists at IBM’s laboratories made it a reality.
Light can be classified as a form of electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light. The ‘light’ commonly referred to in everyday life belongs in this category. The electromagnetic spectrum includes other types of radiation such as gamma rays, radio waves and cosmic rays, all of which possess distinct wavelengths, frequencies and energy levels. These forms of electromagnetic radiation are not visible to the human eye but can be perceived by selected species of animals, such as bees. Figure 1 below displays the electromagnetic spectrum and provides a basic insight into the respective characteristics of different forms of radiation.