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Literature review change blindness
What is the overall change blindness effect
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The Phenomenon in Change Blindness: The Dangers in Society Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon where people may have trouble noticing small or large differences in a scene right in front of them. Just because someone glances at an image doesn’t mean that they have truly seen what is there. One must always focus to detect certain differences in one’s atmosphere in a quicker manner than the average person. It is more likely to notice a difference in artwork that you are familiar with, rather than a difference on an unknown piece of artwork. Why does this happen? Repetition helps the brain learn quicker, therefor helping one detect differences between things that they have previously seen before. Time and repetition could be very similar. Although, repetition of flickering pictures that you are seeing for the first time may trick the brain into thinking they are the same. How long does it take the brain to learn the difference …show more content…
J., & Jeans, R. (2017). Change detection in urban and rural driving scenes: Effects of target type and safety relevance on change blindness. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 100, 111-122. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.01.011 Bergmann, K., Schubert, A., Hagemann, D., & Schankin, A. (2015). Age-related differences in the P3 amplitude in change blindness. Psychological Research, 80(4), 660-676. doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0669-6 Davies, G., & Hine, S. (2007). Change Blindness and Eyewitness Testimony. The Journal of Psychology,141(4), 423-434. doi:10.3200/jrlp.141.4.423-434 Galpin, A., Underwood, G., & Crundall, D. (2009). Change blindness in driving scenes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(2), 179-185. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2008.11.002 White, C. B., & Caird, J. K. (2010). The blind date: The effects of change blindness, passenger conversation and gender on looked-but-failed-to-see (LBFTS) errors. Accident Analysis & Prevention,42(6), 1822-1830.
A video is put on, and in the beginning of this video your told to count how many times the people in the white shirts pass the ball. By the time the scene is over, most of the people watching the video have a number in their head. What these people missed was the gorilla walking through as they were so focused on counting the number of passes between the white team. Would you have noticed the gorilla? According to Cathy Davidson this is called attention blindness. As said by Davidson, "Attention blindness is the key to everything we do as individuals, from how we work in groups to what we value in our classrooms, at work, and in ourselves (Davidson, 2011, pg.4)." Davidson served as the vice provost for interdisciplinary studies at Duke University helping to create the Program in Science and Information Studies and the Center of Cognitive Neuroscience. She also holds highly distinguished chairs in English and Interdisciplinary Studies at Duke and has written a dozen different books. By the end of the introduction Davidson poses five different questions to the general population. Davidson's questions include, "Where do our patterns of attention come from? How can what we know about attention help us change how we teach and learn? How can the science of attention alter our ideas about how we test and what we measure? How can we work better with others with different skills and expertise in order to see what we're missing in a complicated and interdependent world? How does attention change as we age, and how can understanding the science of attention actually help us along the way? (Davidson, 2011, p.19-20)." Although Davidson hits many good points in Now You See It, overall the book isn't valid. She doesn't exactly provide answers ...
In the study by Hilgard (1965). can clearly see how suggestions of negative visual hallucination and others can distort the participants' recall. Therefore the effect of hypnosis on eyewitness testimony is indeed a big effect and should be used with caution and caution. Study: Yuille and McEwan 1985. Aim: to find out more about the belief that hypnosis doesn't improve.
Tim McGraw’s “Highway Don’t Care” is an unorthodox approach to educating the public about the dangers of distracted driving as opposed to the traditional classes or public service announcements. The music video for Tim McGraw's song, “Highway Don't Care”, can persuade the public to protect themselves against the dangers of driving while otherwise being preoccupied, and is effective in doing so. Education and consciousness about distracted driving can help the public obtain protection against the dangers of driving while otherwise being preoccupied. Distracted driving encompasses any activity that could redirect a person’s attention away from the primary focus of driving (Distracted Driving). Any type of distraction while driving ...
Classical theories demonstrating the inattentional blindness paradigm are (1) the perceptual load, (2) inattentional amnesia and (3) expectation.
Wright, D. B., & Skagerberg, E. M. (2007). Postidentification feedback affects real eyewitnesses. Association for Psychological Science, 18(2), 172-178.
Salmela, V. R. and Saarinen, J. (2013). Detection of small orientation changes and the precision of visual working memory. Vision research, 76 17-24.
Spielberger, Charles Donald. "Eyewitness Identification." Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Oxford: Elsevier Academic, 2004. N. pag. Credo Reference. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
To our knowledge, eyewitness memory could be simply defined as a person’s episodic memory that he or she has been a witness of a certain criminal event. However, psychologists have discovered that the confidence of memory recall of eyewitness, would increase significantly by asking them the simple question, (e.g., Do you see the perpetrator below the following pictures?), even though the feedback
Our attention is very selective when it comes to getting information from our environment. We could be looking at everything within our environment and miss changes that occur while looking. According to Rensink, O’Regan and Clark (1997), attention is a key factor, meaning when our attention is focused on the area of change then change can be detected. When we fail to detect change, it can result in change blindness. In support of this idea, Simons and Levin (1998) suggest that change blindness occurs if there is a lack of “precise” visual representation of their surroundings. In other words, a person can be looking at an object and not fully notice a change.
4.) Being blindfolded for 5 seconds can be a tremendous danger for the driver and other standby citizens.
The misinformation effect occurs when people’s recollection of events is distorted by the information given to them after the event happened. This means it is false but possible that can confuse our memory. It is referring to the impairment of memory for the past that arises after exposure to the misleading information. The misinformation effect is in the eyewitness testimony. Eyewitness testimony means an information or evidence that provided by people who witness an event such as a crime, reporting from our memory. Researcher has proves their research that the information or evidence given by the eyewitnesses may not accurate. On 1974, Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer had found the that the assessment of the speed of a videotaped
By using eye-tracking data, it was used to figure out whether the warning that the CAT device gave was correct or not. The warning was judged to be correct whenever the driver took actions by either slowing down by braking or steering the wheel. For example, if the CAT device gave a Forward Collision Warning and the driver took action by slowing down, then it was judged to be a correct warning. However, if there was no vehicle in front and the driver chose to ignore it, then it was judged to be a false warning. Figure 3.5 shows that the CAT device, RD-140 gave a Forward Collision Warning. The eye-tracking data revealed that there was a vehicle in front and the participant took action by slowing down in the next few seconds. Therefore, this was calculated as a correct
Each one of us lives in our own unique world of perception. As individuals, we may experience life in an entirely different way through our senses and life experiences. Therefore, perception can be tricky since it is very personal to each one of us. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, perception has three meanings; (1) “the way you think about or understand someone or something,” (2) “the ability to understand or notice something easily,” and, (3) “the way that you notice or understand something using one of your senses” (2014, para. 1). C.S. Lewis said, “What you see and what you hear depends a great deal on where you are standing. It also depends on what sort of person you are” (n.d., para. 11). In other words,
Loftus, E.F., & Zanni, G. “Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question“. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1975, 5, 86-88
“The one thing that unites all human beings, regardless of age, gender, religion, economic status, or ethnic background, is that, deep down inside, we all believe that we are above-average drivers” -Dave Barry, comedian. The number of accidents over the last ten years have drastically increased, drivers are paying less attention to the road itself. Many individuals behind the wheel of a car believe that their driving does not affect the road conditions, however it always will. The driving habits of today are catastrophic due to the reasoning that the driving will affect other lives through reckless or distracted driving, and disobeying traffic laws.