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Purposely difficult and intentionally obsessive, Plato’s Phaedrus is an exceedingly difficult read that defies all conventional logic as a piece of discourse. The text is extremely subjective, open to interpretation and individual creativity as to what or whom the narrative is about. Written by Plato, a close disciple of Socrates, this text is set along the Illissus river where Phaedrus and Socrates meet for a day of speech, debate, rhetoric and okay…flirting. Phaedrus leads of the day and recites a speech by his close friend Lysias, who Phaedrus considers to be a top speechmaker. Socrates then, after chiding by Phaedrus unleashes two speeches of his own that overshadow and refute Lysias claim so boldly that Phaedrus is so taken by the power of Socrates, that Phaedrus I think misses the point of the entire speech. I think the main idea of the Phaedrus is that Plato’s purpose in writing the document, and using Phaedrus as an example of the reader of this dialogue, is to develop a mad passion to pursue wisdom because of the way Socrates hints, and later describes his definitions of madness, pursuit of wisdom, and critical thinking.
For it were a simple fact that insanity is evil, the saying would be true; but in reality the greatest blessings come to us through madness, when it is sent as a gift of the gods (465).
I think that one of the most powerful claims in the entire text is that of how madness is essential to pursue virtually everything, including Phaedrus’ beloved wisdom. In the quote Socrates is not suggesting or insinuating an aspect of his lesson; he is not merely attempting to get Phaedrus to think, as he so often does in this text, but right here in this quote Socrates declares his love for the ability to be mad. The ability to want something so bad, so vehemently, is what Socrates flat out told Phaedrus, is nothing short of god-like. Socrates said this after his first speech when I believe Phaedrus is just starting to “fall under the spell” that Socrates is attempting to blind him with. Speak without fear (465) Phaedrus says to Socrates just a moment before Socrates, I my opinion gives a little more information than he wants to, so early in the text. The quote on page 465 was also very strong because it was unexpected by I think both Socrates and Phaedrus.
Socrates is very adamant about madness, and how it is necessary. Necessary for all aspe...
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...rough proofs that I thought Socrates later detailed how to pursue wisdom, fueled by this mad passion that I feel Socrates felt had to illogical. I made the comparison of Bill Parish and Socrates because I felt that the same way the old, wise Socrates was teaching Phaedrus that it was the mad pursuit that makes life worth living; Bill Parish was doing the exact same thing to his daughter Susan. It was another movie though that drove me to the point of madness, even irrational thought; one that Plato wrote, Socrates directed, and Phaedrus acted in, that in the end proved my own main idea.
---- On a personal note, I would like to personally thank you for “turning me on” to classic Greek literature. Especially all the encouragement you have given me in making this paper my own, and becoming literally addicted, passionate even, about the Phaedrus. I get the feeling though, that I can read and re-read this for 10 years and still not fully “get” everything that I could or should. But I guess that is the purpose of a text of this magnitude. I really hope enjoyed reading my thoughts on this, because I can honestly say I have had a great time writing it.
The most important book that was written is Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment by James H. Jones because it not only chronicles the disparities of experiment but it highlights the relationship between syphilis, the modern AIDS virus, and the African American community. Jones accounts for one of the worst experiments conducted by the United States Government. After treatment with penicillin became available, it still was withheld from the patients. Some would fault the patients for not getting the treatment, but most of the participants were illiterate. Tuskegee’s Truth edited by Susan M. Reverby has different articles and interviews from patients. Senator Kennedy also interviewed survivors from the experiment. In 1973 the government settled out of court, compensating survivors, heirs to survivors, and provided treatment for the victims. By this time most of their lives were already spent, and valuable time wasted. They were just told they had “bad
Socrates was wise men, who question everything, he was found to be the wise man in Athens by the oracle. Although he was consider of being the wises man alive in those days, Socrates never consider himself wise, therefore he question everything in order to learned more. Socrates lived a poor life, he used to go to the markets and preach in Athens he never harm anyone, or disobey any of the laws in Athens, yet he was found guilty of all charges and sentence to die.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D. in 4 Volumes. Volume 1.Attica and Cornith, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1918.
Consequently, In Plato's Euthyphro, our acquaintance with Socrates is immensely beneficial to society, as we obtain awareness on such an innovative method of achieving intuition. The Socratic approach is now a fundamental approach implemented in daily conversation in society Furthermore, not only is Socrates is able to verify that the true seekers are the wise; he also validates the notion that the answers to many questions are merely questions. Simply because, life is so debate that certain subjects begin to intertwine. To sum up, Plato's Euthyphro is extremely indicative of this Socratic irony, for the reason being that: Socrates's portrays a sense of intellectual humility.
Rodney, Sydney. "Pericles." Ancient Greece. University Inc., 11 May 2003. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. .
The Tuskegee syphilis experiment lasted for 30 years before the unethical practice was officially brought to a halt, during that time, the concept of bad blood was used to prolong the involvement of test subjects. Participants infected with syphilis where given fabricated stories that kept them uninformed, making cooperation easier. Lies stretched from being told their blood was bad, to nurses giving them placebo cures. Both were in efforts to either keep blacks uninformed, or to reassure those informed that they were safe. Treasure Island authorities seem to have duplicated the same tactics, and tailor them to radiation. Years after radiation test were complete and questions started to arise, officials started to deny radiation was discovered on the Island. In a Bay Area NBC interview, Treasure Island’s director said, “TIDA director Robert Beck denied that there is evidence of any radiological material being buried where people are currently living. He has continually defended the Navy’s position” (NBC Bay Area). Like Tuskegee, prominent officials denied the severity of the problem to lengthen the case. After given extensive evidence that death was an inevitable outcome, authoritative figures in both situations denied indisputable data. For those who were aware of illness, Eunice Rivers told them they had bad blood, and prescribed/injected a placebo solution. On Treasure Island, residents who were diagnosed with cancer were lied to, and given what can be seen as a
In his examination of Meletus, Socrates makes three main points: 1) Meletus has accused Socrates of being the only corrupter, while everyone else improves the youth. Socrates then uses an analogy: a horse trainer is to horses as an improver is to the youth. The point is that there is only one improver, not many. 2) If Socrates corrupts the youth, either it is intentional or unintentional. No one would corrupt his neighbor intentionally, because he would harm himself in the process. If the corruption was unintentional, then the court is not the place to resolve the problem. The other possibility is that he does not corrupt them at all. 3) In frustration, Meletus accuses Socrates of being "a complete atheist," at the same time he claims Socrates teaches new gods. Thus, Meletus contradicts himself. Socrates argues that fear of death is foolish, because it is not known if death is a good or an evil, thus there is no reason to fear death.
Clarke, Fiona, and Mark Bergin. Greece in the time of Pericles. Hemel Hempstead: Simon & Schuster, 1909.
The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment (The official name was Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male) began in the 1930’s. It was an experiment on African Americans to study syphilis and how it affected the body and killed its victims done by Tuskegee Institute U.S. Public Health Service researchers. The initial purpose of the Syphilis study “was to record the natural history of syphilis in Blacks” (Tuskegee University, “About the USPHS Syphilis Study,” par. 2). The study was necessary because syphilis was a disease that didn’t yet have an official cure (when the study began in the 30’s). There were 600 men in all; 399 had syphilis and 201 served as a control group for the experiment. The subjects lacked money and education to understand what exactly was going on and couldn’t give informed consent ,but “the researchers offered incentives: free physical exams, hot meals, and rides into town on clinic days, plus fifty-dollar burial stipends for their families when the men died” (50). Therefore, they didn’t question the doctors about what they were doing. During the experiment on the hundreds of African Americans, the doctors found out that they could cure them with penicillin. However, the doctors choose not to cure them in order to study how syphilis killed people and many of the subjects had, indeed, died. Later, in the 1970’s, an article was released which sparked rumors about the southern doctors injecting the men with syphilis, rather them already having it. The government put an end to the study in the early 1970’s. The experiment affected medical history because it helped lead to the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical an...
In his defense, Socrates claims over and again that he is innocent and is not at all wise, “…for I know that I have no wisdom, small or great.” Throughout the rest of his oration he seems to act the opposite as if he is better than every man, and later he even claims that, “At any rate, the world has decided that Socrates is in some way superior to other men.” This seems to be his greatest mistake, claiming to be greater than even the jury.
Men have called me mad, but the question is not yet settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence--whether much that is glorious--whether all that is profound--does not spring from disease of thought--from moods of mind exalted at the expense of the general intellect. Those who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night - Edgar Allen Poe
It was because of the Oracle that Socrates began to question his wisdom and the wisdom of others. He was not trying to corrupt the youth nor did he believe in false gods. Socrates was a man who believed that the Oracle’s message, “There was no one wiser than Socrates.”, was misguided and tried to prove it wrong. He went about doing that by questioning people. Socrates realized that he truly know nothing, of importance. So he tried to seek the truth. To be able to do this he ahd an open mind, and told his followers they should also have open minds. This is why Socrates was falsely accused by a culture that was both strict and hypocritical.
I think it is important to first explain Socrates’ divine mission. Chairephon, a friend of Socrates, went to the Oracle of Delphi and asked if there was anyone wiser than Socrates. The Oracle proclaimed that no one was wiser than Socrates. Socrates pondered over the Oracle’s proclamation that he was the wisest person (The Apology 21a). Socrates attempted to find someone who was wiser than himself but he could not. Socrates realized that he was the wisest person because he was the only person who was aware of his own ignorance (The Apology 23b). Socrates took this as being a sign that the gods had a mission for him. Socrates thought that the gods wanted him to make other people aware of their ignorance. Socrates thought that he was not only performing a divine mission but he was also doing Athens a great favor (The Apology 30b). Socrates thought that he was helping the Athenian citizens to consider the state of their souls and not wealth and power (The Apology 30b). What I think Socrates was trying to help the Athenian citizens with was to help develop their critical thinking skills. Socrates’ elenchus is useful bec...
Nails, Debra, N. (2005, September 16). Socrates. Stanford University. Retrieved November 11, 2013, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/
He begins his argument by means of analogy. Just as a vigorous plant suffers most greatly when it is deprived of necessary nutrients and environment and weather, a vigorous soul, as a philosopher must possess according to Socrates, can become the greatest of the wicked if its upbringing should be bad (491d-492a). What then can corrupt such a vigorous soul? Socrates contends that the upbringing of those with a philosophic soul is corrupted by the unphilosophical majority, saying “They object very loudly and excessively to some of the things that are said or done and approve others in the same way, shouting and clapping, so that the very rocks and surroundings echo the din of their praise or blame and double it” (492b-c). By this, Socrates means that societal beliefs act as a sort of echo chamber whereby the loudest opinions are perpetuated and only come to grow in size to the point where dissenting opinion is incapable of breaking through the cacophony. This mob that forms then compels those who dissent by “disenfranchisement, fines, or death” (492d). In this way, mob society forces dissenters to be