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Ethical and scientific considerations regarding animal testing and research
Ethical and scientific considerations regarding animal testing and research
Animal research morality issue
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“All Animals are Equal”
“The day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been witholden from them but by the hand of tyranny,” said by Bentham (“All Animals Are Equal”) We as a human race have always craved superiority over different groups as a way to claim power. During slavery, we thought it was acceptable to treat blacks as if they had no vital characteristics and no meaning to live. They were pets to their owners, like animals are to us now. What is to say that during that time period, it was acceptable to have disregarded equality among one another? We neglected to see that the color of ones skin and sex does not matter yet we felt the need to put others below us in our great chain
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Equality is a moral ideal, not a simple assertion of fact,” (“All Animals Are Equal”) Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility, in which, utility being related to the well-being of sentient entities (“Utilitarianism”) In the readings, an example is used to explain how we use animals to test products that might hurt us and we use them as our Guinea pigs. It has been observed that while torturing them, they feel pain. Although they may not speak it, they cry out as if they wish it to stop. There is this perception that sacrificing animals to save the larger human population is acceptable, and there is nothing immoral about it. What about those humans that do not feel pain? Why not use them? Infant babies and humans who do not have the mental capacity to feel pain could potentially be experimented on. Although they could be used, we feel it is morally wrong to do so even if that one person could save ten others. Since they are of the same race we do not wish them harm. We would rather wound animals because we have generated this idea that they are not as important, they are not one of us. Simply putting this, I feel that we all play a vital role, animals, and humans, because essentially we are also animals. We just do not know how yet to acknowledge them as equals because that will mean we have to …show more content…
The human population has created this blindness to the idea of them having any similarity to us, which can be better put as anthropodenial (“What I Learned From Tickling Apes) We have seen that an ape reacts just like a child when tickled; we have seen a crow achieve tool fabrication yet we cannot see them as our own. By choosing to give animal equality that means we have to give up using them as a food source. We have to accept that our ancestor’s analogy of us being the hunters is incorrect. This changes all we have believed over many years. Some have already conformed to the circumstance that our pets are important to us. We take care of them; we make sure they have food to eat and when they cry we try making them feel better. There is already this idea that animals are equal to an extent. Many of us are not able to accept this belief, but rather deny the possibility of animals having the same basic brain structure and instincts. By giving up speciesism we are no longer able to use them in mass production for food or experiment on them for our goods and services. But is this really a bad thing? Coming back to a previous point, why not use those humans that do not feel worse than animals that do? Yes, it sounds wicked, but that one person can help much more than
In the essay, “Are All Species Equal?” the author, David Schmidtz, stiffly denounces the views on species egalitarianism by philosopher Paul Taylor. Schmidtz explores Taylor’s views from all angles and criticisms and concludes that “biocentrism has a point but that it does not require any commitment to species equality.” (Schmidtz, 115). Schmidtz agrees with the major points of biocentrism; that humans live on the same terms as all other species in the community, that all species are interdependent and are all in pursuit of their own good. However, each species should not all be looked upon as the same and with the same level of contributions as every other species. There’s no way to compare one living thing to another unless the two are exactly identical. Therefore, instead of saying that every species is in fact on the same level, we should respect that each living thing should be evaluated differently. This is where respect for nature comes into play. Respecting each individual species for its own attributions is more just than saying that all should be treated equally. Schmidtz goes on to say that biocentrism and respect for nature do not go hand in hand with species egalitarianism, which to me, is a valid
In American history, there are centuries upon centuries of black people being deemed less than or not worthy of. Never in were black people equal, even in the sense of humanity. White people declared black people as three-fifths of a human, so to the “superior race”, because one has darker skin that automatically takes away 40% of their humanity. Now, in white history they repeatedly dominant over other nonwhite groups and especially the women of those groups because they feel anything that isn’t white is inferior.
Species egalitarianism is an easily outmoded form of communicating treatment of species because of all the questions and speculation it ultimately raises. The equivocation of animals is absurd. We can’t compare them because of all their fundamental differences, and to do so is insulting to all species that fall below the parameters we instill. Ultimately, there is no possible situation in which species egalitarianism is correct.
Peter Singer’s arguments in Animal Liberation have often been misunderstood. The most mutual, and important, misunderstanding among professional thinkers consists in the belief that the moral argument advanced by Animal Liberation is created on utilitarianism, besides not, as is in fact the situation, on the belief of no maleficence. Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation is surely one of the most persuasive, powerful and efficient works of applied integrities ever printed. Since the publication of the first edition in April 5, 1973, Singer’s work has been spoken, and its main theses enthusiastically argued by others. In the essay Singer’s tone was very rational and patient,
In order to justify keeping an entire race of people enslaved, slaveholders claimed that blacks were inferior to whites, placing them on the same level as livestock and other animals. “There were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the same rank in the scale of being, and were all subjected to the same narrow examination” (73). The fact is, whites are not naturally superior over blacks. Therefore, slaveholders used a variety of contrived strategies to make their case that blacks were inherently inferior to whites. To...
...nger states “Equality is a moral idea, not an assertion of fact. There is no logically compelling reason for assuming that a factual difference in ability between two people justifies any difference in the amount of consideration we give to their needs and interests”. Singer argues that, as there is no justification for unequal treatment of human beings based on capacity, it is also unjustifiable to treat human and non-human animals differently based on their capacities.
And if not, how far does the argument go and/or how might it be improved? What has Singer taught us here, if anything?" Singer makes a three-part argument for why “All Animals Are Equal”, or at the very least should be granted equal consideration. Firstly, he argues that, assuming all humans are awarded equal rights, there is no single characteristic apart from being human that grants them such rights. Secondly, he argues that awarding rights by virtue of humanity is arbitrary and speciesist.
As an advocate of animal rights, Tom Regan presents us with the idea that animals deserve to be treated with equal respect to humans. Commonly, we view our household pets and select exotic animals in different regard as oppose to the animals we perceive as merely a food source which, is a notion that animal rights activists
Centuries ago, there were no laws that contradicted slavery. Many white people owned slaves and they were treated poorly. Then once the slaves realized this wasn't right, they decided to escape and if they got caught, it would be the end for them. After that, many people started protesting about human rights and the rights every human should have because they are simply human. It came with no inhumane treatment towards anybody, nobody couldn’t have slaves, and many other things that the white people were mad about. After many events that took place, there were still discrimination and racism. People still think that this situation should still not be here anymore because we are advancing in so
“We hold these truths to be self evident; that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” If the confusion has not yet set in, then give it a moment. This nation, the United States of America, prides itself on being far superior to all other nations because here in America we are free men. We set ourselves on a pedestal above Great Britain because the Declaration of Independence clearly states that everyone inside the parameters of our country will be treated as equal as the same individuals neighbor. Yet for nearly three centuries, our nation was full of individuals, including our forefathers, who “owned” people that were regarded as less than themselves simply due to the fact that the pigments in their skin did not allow them to fall within the Caucasian race. The very legal document that had the word “Independence” written within it’s name and blatantly stated that it is obvious that no human is greater than any other because we were all made by the same god for the same reason, is the foundation of a nation that used innocent lives as fuel for slavery. It wasn’t until some educated individuals finally stood up and realized how incredibly wrong these two concepts are when put together. It is said that when the former slave Frederick Douglass
This view, that humans are of special moral status, is constantly attempted to be rationalized in various ways. One such defense is that we are not morally wrong to prioritize our needs before the needs of nonhuman animals for “the members of any species may legitimately give their fellows more weight than they give members of other species (or at least more weight than a neutral view would grant them). Lions, too, if they were moral agents, could not then be criticized for putting other lions first” (Nozick, 79). This argument, that we naturally prefer our own kind, is based on the same fallacy used by racists while defending their intolerant beliefs and therefore should be shown to have no logical merit.
In conclusion, I agree with Tom Regan’s perspective of the rights view, as it explores the concept of equality, and the concept of rightful treatment of animals and humans. If a being is capable of living, and experiencing life, then they are more than likely capable of feeling pleasure and pain, except in a few instances. If humans are still treated in a respectable and right way even if some cannot vote, or think for themselves, then it is only fair that animals who also lack in some of these abilities be treated as equals. As Regan puts it, “pain is pain, wherever it occurs” (1989).
Peter Singer’s argument for animal equality is mainly dependent on the principle of equality. The principle of equality states that we as humans are all equal in a moral sense, meaning that we are each permitted to equal consideration of our interests. Singer also states that the principle of equality cannot only depend on specific qualities of humans (such as race), which would mean that it cannot only be applied to humans either. By this, Peter Singer means that non-human animals should also receive equal consideration of their interests, but only if they are sentient. Anything that is sentient is able to feel both pain and pleasure. In my opinion, sentience is the most important part of Singer’s entire argument because it gives clear reason to why most of the human race should become vegetarian. Singer’s argument for vegetarianism (and just his beliefs in general) is based completely on utilitarianism. He would argue that by eating meat, we do not maximize overall pleasure and actually causes unnecessary suffering. The reason that the suffering is unnecessary is that ...
In society today there has been a lot of talk about animal intelligence and how they and we interact with them. Many pet owners believe that their pet is intelligent and compassionate, but some people and scientist don’t believe it's true. Well, I believe animals are intelligent and compassionate, but don’t have a sense of awareness of their actions.
There are tremendous amount of debates that go on in this world on a daily basis. One of the most talked about debates of the century is that of animal rights and experimentations. This debate, also known in the animal rights community as vivisection, is one of the most difficult to understand. Individuals have numerous different outlooks on animals. Many individuals look upon animals as companions while others see animals as an object of advancing medical techniques. No matter what ones perception is of animals, the fact remains that animals are being exploited by research facilities and cosmetics companies all throughout the world. In spite of the fact that humans frequently benefit from successful animal experimentations, the pain, and occasionally death that often occurs is not worth the human benefit. Hence, animals should not be the use of research.