Peru: The History And Geography Of Peru

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The History and Geography of Peru
Peru was home to the Norte Chico civilization who were believed to have crossed the Bering Strait from Asia to North and South America over fifteen thousand years ago. These people made up many tribes who thrived all over Peru. They are one of the six oldest civilizations in the world and were known to be nomads, fishing, hunting and gathering fruits and vegetables all over Peru. Eventually, these tribes joined together to make the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Colombian America. This empire was centered in Cuzco, and spanned a vast region from Chile to Ecuador. The Incas fought many Civil wars which weakened their own empire.
In 1531, Francisco Pizarro and the Spaniards landed in South America, and in 1533 the Spaniards took over the Incan capitol city Cuzco in Peru, and went on to capture most other South American civilizations. In 1535, Lima was founded in Peru and was one of the most important cities in South America. In 1542, Pizarro established Viceroyalty which gave Spain jurisdiction over most South American domains. On July 28, 1821 Peru declared independence from Spain, led by Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar. Peruvians fought for their independence against Spain in 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho, led by Jose de Sucre, which ended Spanish rule in South America. Finally, in 1879 Spain recognized Peru’s independence.
As a new country, Peru had many territorial disputes with neighboring countries. In the War of the Pacific, Chile defeated Peru and took control of Tarapaca along with the provinces Tacna and Arica. Although, in 1929, Chile returned Tacna to Peru. Peru and Ecuador had a clash between a boundaries, which had to be intervened by the Rio Protocol. They continued to d...

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...re-shaped ice wall that looks like an upside down shield. Its first known ascent was by H. Bernard and his German team in 1932. The main goal of the climb was to survey the Cordillera Blanca. The map they made is still the best map of the area.
All of these characteristics make it very diverse, and make the climate vary depending on what part of the country you are in. It has tropical forests in the east, vast deserts in the west and beautiful mountains in the north. This makes the average temperature around 67 degrees Fahrenheit. The rainfall is also very different depending on where you are, but it ranges from less than two inches per year at the coast, to over 150 inches per year in the tropical rainforests. All of these factors pay a role on the culture of Peru. It affect what the people wear, what they eat, their jobs, and the way they interact with each other.

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