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Observations for sexual assault research
Research papers on sexal assault
Research papers on sexal assault
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A case of sexual abuse or assault is not just a criminal case but also a civil case as it leaves behind long-lasting physical as well as emotional scars. Quite often the perpetrators are known persons; someone whom you trusted, was close or was in a position of authority. The Canadian Criminal Code does not have any specific ‘rape’ provision. But it defines assault and has provided for specific punishments for the ‘sexual assault’ which includes the threats and the physical contacts. Being a survivor, it is quite natural to see that the perpetrator is legally punished. For this, you will have to consult a competent Personal Injury Lawyer Okotoks, who has the necessary experience in successfully dealing with sexual assault cases.
When you are a victim, many aspects of your life such as your quality of life, your relationships, work or education suffers. You may need long-term therapy and counseling to heal. Hence, you are entitled to compensation. But this is possible only when your case is handled with the sensitivity and skill it deserves. This can also help you in feeling vindicated and may assist you in closure and proceeding with your life with a new and positive attitude.
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However, unlike the other personal injury cases, you will have to confront your assaulter face to face. Your assaulter with the help of his/her Personal Injury Lawyer Okotoks, will try to discredit and again victimize you during the legal proceedings.
Despite being a victim, you need to be strong and keep your wits around. There are certain things that you can immediately do even in your
Canada is perceived as a very peaceful country that protects its citizens with appropriate laws and legal processes. However, after researching sexual assault in Canada, that statement seems preposterous. To third world countries, this would be true, although this is not the case for those who are accustomed to living in a first world environment. The world tends to consider Canada to be one of the most progressive countries, but this cannot be when we are still deprived of the justice system we claim to have; today we do not have a justice system, we have a legal system. An answer to the question of whether or not the current state of our country’s legal process and laws involving sexual assault are effective as they could be is yet to be
Women of the middle ages ran the households. Women of higher class held more responsibilities and therefore often left the duties of their children to a nurse. The responsibilities that came with running a household made some mothers to be distant from their children.(www.thefinertimes.com) Lady capulet in the play Romeo and Juliet demonstrates this quote to apply to the way she mothered her child. Throughout the play, Lady Capulet exhibits to be distant, demanding, yet caring of her family despise her poised attitude. A theme that Shakespeare perhaps was trying to get across was “ No matter how much is cared about a person; If not there for that person and ask them to do exactly what is wished, then there is no guarantee that that person will
Gender is predominating in the criminal justice system and sexual assault exemplifies the contrast found between the traditional and non-traditional justice systems employed over time. Sexual assault poses a social threat to all aspects of community, spreading insecurity in 43400 victims across Australia and 13300 victims in NSW alone as indicated in the recent Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Victimisation Report. (ABS 2011, p. 40) There has also been an increase of sexual assault by 51% since 1995 with an average of 4% every year. (ABS 2010) Another major issue within the boundaries of sexual assault is that it holds one...
Sexual assault is the act of sexual intercourse without consent of the other person according to the New South Wales Consolidation Act of 1900 (Austlii 2011) and is also described by the Australian Standard Offence Classification as ‘non-consensual’ acts or intents of sexual nature (ASOC 2008, p. 31). It has become one of the most predominate crimes creating social harm in Australia. Social harm is defined as the negative influence through consequences impacting the individual on the living conditions of the surrounding public (Cain & Howe 2008, p. 26). Sexual assault poses a social threat to all aspects of the community, spreading insecurity in the 9000 victims across Australia and 1900 victims in NSW alone as indicated in the Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Victimisation Report (ABS 2011, p. 40). This is supported by the victimization rate of all sexually assaulted victims between ages 10 to 14 being 4 times greater than all the other age groups (ABS 2010).
Sexual assault (the term, rape, is no longer used in Canadian criminal law) is an act of violence that is a criminal offence under the federal Criminal Code of Canada. The Criminal Code is constantly being amended by the federal Canadian Parliament, as well as interpreted by court cases. A victim of a sexual assault (sexualized violence) may also bring a private action called a civil suit, suing the person who assaulted her or him for money damages. This cause of action is distinguishable from a criminal action, which is defined by a different body of law, has a different burden of proof, and has different results. Civil suits are generally defined by court cases, rather than by treatment of law, as is criminal justice.
According to RAINN, (2009) approximately 10 per cent of all victims of sexual assault and abuse are adult and juvenile males. In terms of the nature of assault, real figures include a compendium of reported incidents ranging from unwanted sexual touching to forced penetration. To qualify this statement, it must be understood that the percentage does not reflect a vast number of crimes that go unreported due to issues that will be discussed in the present paper.
Legally, one might wonder how sexual assault is defined. According to Massachusetts State law, there are two major categories of sexual assault against adults. One of these is rape, and the other is indecent assault and battery. Rape is defined as “sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse with a person and compels such person to submit by force and against his/her will, or compels such person to submit by threat of bodily injury.” Rape and attempted rape are punishable by up to 20 years in prison.
Sexual assault is one of the most offensive and depraved crimes that exist in our society today. The physical and psychological toll that this act has on its victims is as incalculable as it is incomprehensible. A sexual assault in Canada is defined as all incidents of unwanted sexual activity, including sexual attacks and sexual touching. Victims of these acts reported feeling angry, confused, frustrated and fearful.
In general, rape means force or threatening to use force to a potential victim. It includes vaginal but doesn’t exclude other forms such as, anal and oral penetration. Rape tends to get grouped with women but, there are also men who get victimized as well. It’s not limited to heterosexuals either there’s also homosexual offenders (“Sexual Assault”). It is very common and it usually goes unsolved (Triffin). Here is a cause and three effects that helps prove this is an important issue.
To comprehend the underlying levels of conviction, there are unfortunate factors from the police, the criminal justice system, the probability of evidence and issue of consent that make convictions immensely difficult to prove. This essay will investigate those measures showing the contrasts of rape and why it is tricky to prove rape occurred without consent, without any corroborative evidence, attitudes of police towards rape victims, the victims withdrawing their report due to personal circumstances and the handling of victims in court, that lead to many offenders having a non-custodial sentence or being acquitted of a rape charge. In the first paragraph, I will explain what constitutes rape and the variations of relationships in which rape is committed. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (the Act) came into force on the 1st May 2004. The purpose of the Act was to strengthen and modernise the law on sexual offences, whilst improving preventative measures and the protection of individuals from sexual offenders.
In Canadian society, the numbers of sexually violent incidents in universities continue to grow. Every year, approximately 58.7% of first-year female students experience forms of sexual violence, a growing concern for universities (Senn et. al. Results). Women constantly say they will never be victims of sexual violence, yet studies show that one in four women have been sexually assaulted (Senn et. al. 2). Although sexual violence will never completely be resolved, the policies created by universities across Canada have proven to be ineffective when compared to student efforts. Also, Canadian universities lack a sufficient number of policies that address sexual violence and have a high number of sexual assaults, which demonstrate the ineffectiveness
Sexual assault is a traumatic event that can cause extreme psychological effects on the victim. These effects can be short-term, and they can manifest themselves into long-term effects, depending on the individual and how the sexual assault occurred. Victims of sexual assault can be either male or female, with both sexes having fairly similar psychological effects. In addition to these psychological effects, some individuals develop Rape Trauma Syndrome or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which can be more easily classified as short-term versus long-term responses. Every individual is different and may differ in their reactions to this event; there is no normal or common way to react (Kaminker, 1998, pg. 23).
in themselves cannot harm the interest of the individual . The provisions on rape were, e.g. recast as "sexual assault". In Canada, a reform of this type was introduced, stating that "the very use of the word" rape "imposes a deep moral stigma on the victims and expresses an essentially irrational folklore about them" .The term "sexual assault" was perceived as not being imbued with the same level of stigma. One could say that the word "rape" is also linked to some stereotyped notions, for example that rape is an attack by a stranger and that the use of harsh physical force is a necessary element, which makes the court more reluctant to convict the accused . Many jurisdictions have now reconsidered the recasting of rape in terms of sexual
Survivors often find it difficult to recover fully after they are sexually assaulted. The feel like the should have done something to prevent what was happening to them. Kimberly A. Lonsway, PhD and Sergeant Joanne Archambault from End Violence Against Women International stress that victims often disassociate. “Many victims describe experiencing a feeling of paralysis during the sexual assault that is often referred to as “frozen fright.” With this type of reaction, victims feel as if they are paralyzed during the sexual assault and are unable to think, act, or respond in ways that they would if they weren’t experiencing such significant trauma.” They don’t know what to do, and so they do nothing. Looking back, it seems painfully obvious to them what they should have done. However, even when someone fights back, that sometimes doesn’t do anything. Sexual assault is not about sex. It’s about
In turn the courts are then unable to gather enough evidence to persecute perpetrators. The aim of the present paper is to cover rape myths and its impact on victims of rape. First of all, it is important to state the legal definition of rape. The Sexual Offences Act (2003) provided a definition of rape, which