Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition leading to destruction of connective tissues and migration of the gingival attachment to create a pocket (1). Periodontal disease begins with bacterial growth in the mouth which leads to tooth loss if it is not treated properly. In the early stage of this disease bacteria grow in plaque, causing a swelling or inflammation in gums that can damage the tissues which surround the teeth. These changes are induced by the diffusion of bacterial products through the affected epithelium (2, 6). An inappropriate host immune response also has a role in tissue destruction in periodontitis (9).
The part of the gingiva that is affected in periodontitis is the attached gingiva around the teeth, which consists of gingival epithelial cells (GEC). The gingival epithelium comprise the epithelial tissue that covers the external surface of the gingiva as well as the epithelium lining, the gingival sulcus and the junctional epithelium which act as a physical barrier but also has an important value in immunity (innate) by expressing antimicrobial peptides (3, 4). The non-keratinized sulcular and junctional epithelia are the main barriers that prevent the microbial products from penetrating through the periodontal tissue. But these barriers have their drawback also, i.e. they are the sites where oral microbes attach. The multi-layered epithelia can act as impermeable barrier because of its tight junctions, which can open or close as large molecules and leukocytes pass. These tight junction proteins are mostly transmembrane proteins (11). In case of periodontitis, the epithelial lining is mostly losing the tight junction and easily permeable (12). Oral epithelia are exposed to various pathogenic and non-pathogeni...
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... interest following the knock-down of PAR receptors knock-down, We will knockdown PAR receptors in order to see if some of the cytokines that are released will change in response to perio-pathogens.
Epithelial tissues work as the prime line of safety between the host and the external environment, which includes multiple bacteria of oral cavity in question. The main issue and motive of study remains how PAR receptors function in the epithelia when they respond to different bacteria to provide innate immune reactions. The detailed mechanisms underlying the effects mediated by the major PARs in human gingival tissues, including their correlation with cytokines require further research. This information will provide a better understanding of the development of periodontal diseases and inform the strategy for identification of therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that alters the gastrointestinal tract causing inflammation of the bowel that affects many Americans, with the number of diagnoses rising constantly. Orthodontic braces, worn by millions of Americans, are a type of dental treatment designed to straighten and align teeth for not only a beautiful smile but for a healthy mouth and jaw. A common link between CD and the application of braces are the occasional flare-up of canker sores. The scraping of braces against the skin in the mouth may cause irritation, resulting in the formation of canker sores. Additionally, the appearance of oral lesions, or canker sores, is often an indicative side effect of CD, as well as other factors, such as stomach irritation. The goal of the research is to discover a potential link between the application of braces and the coinciding cankers that form to find a common connection with the development of CD. The hypothesis is that the canker sores that develop due to the application of braces are related to a shift in the oral microbiota, and this shift is thought to contribute to the development of CD.
Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the structures that support the teeth. This disease is the primary loss of teeth in dogs. It is caused by a build-up of dental plaque on the surfaces of the teeth and around the gums. Bacteria can accumulate in the dental plaque and irritate the gum tissue which leads to the infection of the bone that surrounds the teeth. Some effects of the disease include: bad breath, bleeding gums, oral pain, dropping food from mouth while eating and loss of appetite. In severe cases the teeth may become loose and fall out.
...s to interfere with bonding to the receptors. The final possibility uses CNP, which downregulates the activation in MAP kinase pathways in the chondrocytes (4).
According to the American Dental Association, gum disease, also referred to as periodontal disease, occurs when the tissues that support and surround your teeth become infected. Many people are unaware they even have gum disease, because it isn’t a painful disease. Periodontal disease is caused by a film of sticky bacteria called plaque forming on the teeth.
In general, root caries have the same etiology as coronal cavities. S. mutans, Lactobacilli, and sometimes, Actinomyces are involved and are found in high numbers in root caries, but there are two main differences between enamel and root surface caries. (Flaitz) These differences cause the lesion on a root surface to be more destructive than that in enamel. First, because the pH at which demineralization will occur is higher for root cementum (approx. pH 6.0) than for enamel (approx. pH 5.0).(Wilkins) Therefore, root cementum has potential for demineralization at an earlier point in time than enamel does. Secondly, once the cementum is demineralized, the dentin contains dentinal tubules which, if present, are potential methods of entry for the pathogenic microbes as mentioned previously, such as S. mutans, Lactobacilli, and sometimes Actinomyces; whereas, enamel consists of tightly-arranged crystal prisms, which have a much lower chance for bacterial entry. The process of caries formation begins with colonization by acid-producing bacteria plaque. In the next step, Gram-positive bacteria invade the dentinal tubules, which leads to the ...
However, on the a recent visit dated 23/12/13 the patient’s gingival condition had deteriorated, presenting with an increased plaque scores of 34% and bleeding scores to 63%. Intra oral examination also showed generalised oedema and erythema throughout in the mouth in response to this increase in plaque bacteria. The presence of supra-gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth and both sites of upper buccal molars and the patients BPE now reads 212 /121, putting the patients caries risk at a ‘High’ status.
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Dentistry as a profession over the years has evolved rapidly in light of new scientific evidence. Rapidly evolving science and technology have implemented changes within dentistry as evidenced by new standards and guidelines being produced by nationally recognised associations including National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), Faculty of General Dental Practice (FGDP) and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) in Scotland, in provision of new scientific evidence. The latest standards and guidelines produced, endorse everyday clinical practice through evidence based dentistry (REF). All dental professionals as part of continued professional development are expected to keep to date on relevant guidelines and knowledge related to their practice (REF). This is supported by the General Dental Council who state all clinicians must maintain their professional knowledge and competence throughout their working career (REF).
15-Mutneja. P, Dhawan. P, et al. Menopause and the oral cavity. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2010); 16(4): 548-551.
Dental professionals should promote a message that a strong biologic connection exists between oral and systemic health. Therefore, having a good understanding of oral health and systemic health is beneficial and can help you protect yourself. Streptococcus mutants, the bacteria found in periodontal infection are also the bacteria found in many of the cardiovascular diseases. This establishes a strong relationship between these two conditions.
Saliva contains glucose; therefore, if you have uncontrolled diabetes, the amount of glucose present in your saliva is elevated. We naturally have somewhere between 200 to 300 bacterial species in our mouths: Some of these bacteria are good and some of them are bad. Streptococcus mutans is typically the bacterium responsible for causing tooth decay; whereas, periodontal disease is usually caused by a mixture of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola.
Healthcare is a necessity to sustain society. Dentistry is an area of healthcare that I feel extremely passionate about because access to proper dental care is limited, especially in the underserved communities. As an African American, I want to become a dentist and healthcare provider in the hopes of helping patients and adding to the diversification of the field. With a growing minority population in the United States, it has become apparent that there is a shortage of black dentists. This is problematic because underrepresented minorities are in great need of access to culturally connected dentists who understand their clinical needs as much as their lives and their challenges. I believe that when the profession includes a range of ethnicities
Introduction: In Canada, general dental health is not part Canada’s national system of health insurance (Medicare) (1) except for some dental surgical procedures that are performed at hospitals. Since Oral health does not come under the Health Act about ninety-five percent of the oral health care services are offered on a fee-for-service basis. Oral health care is under provincial or territorial jurisdiction like other health care services and publically financed dental care programs provide the remaining five percent of oral health care services (2). Thus, majority of Canadians receive oral health via privately owned dental clinics. Privately owned dental care gives these services providers control over dental service charges, types of available treatment for the patients and number of follow-up appointment for treatments or routine care. Service users pay for the dental expenses from their own pockets or utilize insurance coverage (1).
Albuquerque, C., F. Morinha, J. Requicha, T. Martins, I. Dias, H. Guedes-Pinto, E. Bastos, and C. Viegas. "Canine Periodontitis: The Dog as an Important Model for Periodontal Studies." The Veterinary Journal 191.3 (2012): 299-305. University of Michigan Dearborn Library Catalog. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.
Dental plaque is broadly classified as supragingival or subgingival based on its position on the tooth surface toward the gingival margin. Supragingival plaque is found at or above the gingival margin. Therefore, it can be further differentiated into coronal plaque, whi...