Abdullah Chughtai 9/26/2015
Periodontal disease is an infection of the gum tissue that can cause damage to the tissues and the bone supporting the teeth. Periodontal disease is caused by the combination of bacteria and plaque to form a biofilm, which adheres to the tooth surface, resulting in inflammation. Periodontal disease is broken down into two stages, gingivitis and periodontitis. According to research, about 70 to 90 percent of people have some form of the periodontal disease. Periodontal disease has been known to increase in severity with age [1] and has shown to be the leading cause of tooth loss in many adults.
The first stage of periodontal disease is gingivitis. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums, and is referred
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to as the mild form of periodontal disease. Gingivitis is thought to affect about 80 percent of the population [2]. It is caused by the accumulation of biofilm along the gingival margin of the tooth, which results in the release of toxic bacterial products. This, in turn, leads to the activation of the inflammatory response. During gingivitis, the environment in the biofilm changes mostly from gram positive streptococci bacteria to mostly gram negative anaerobic bacteria. Examples of organisms that play a role in gingivitis include Campylobacter, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema [3]. Patients with gingivitis can present with gums that are swollen, tender, bleeding, red, and/or sensitive. Gingivitis can be reversed if treated early with adequate oral hygiene. However, if left untreated, gingivitis can become more severe and progress to periodontitis. The second stage of periodontal disease is periodontitis.
Periodontitis results in destruction of the PDL, connective tissue and bone, which causes the creation of deep periodontal pockets between the teeth and gums. These pockets allow bacteria and plaque to thrive, resulting in the erosion of bone, and the subsequent loosening of teeth. Studies have shown that periodontitis results from a mixed infection of gram negative bacteria. These bacteria include A. actinomycetecomitans, B. forsythus, P. intermedia, T. denticola and P. gingivalis [4]. These bacteria play a role in periodontitis by colonizing plaque subgingivally, releasing toxic products (such as H2S, LPS), and activating the immune response. Activating the immune response results in the release of cytokines (such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IFN-alpha) and prostaglandins (such as PGE2), which results in bone and tissue destruction [4]. During this stage, surgical intervention will be needed to treat the disease. The surgery may include bone or tissue grafts, open flap surgery, tissue regeneration, or tooth …show more content…
removal. The prevalence of periodontitis in the United States is quite high. About 47% of individuals aged 30 years and older have periodontitis. The percentages can be broken down into what kind of periodontitis the adults have. For example, mild periodontitis is present in 8.7% of the adults. Similarly, moderate periodontitis is present in 30% of the adults and severe periodontitis is present in 8.5% of the adults [5]. Periodontitis can also be broken down into two age groups: 30 to 34 years old and 65 years and older. Among the 30 to 34 years old age group, periodontitis is present 24.4% of them. Among the 65 years and older age group, periodontitis is present 70.1% of them. The prevalence of periodontitis shows a disparity in the adult population. Periodontitis is highest among the male gender, the poorest, the uneducated, Mexican Americans, and among the smokers. The prevalence stated above is much higher than what was previously thought and reported due to several reasons. One reason is that the national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) have used partial-mouth periodontal examination (PMPE) protocols for research into periodontal disease. In the PMPE protocols, only 2 quadrants of the mouth are examined and either 2 sites or 3 sites per tooth are measured for probing depth and attachment loss [6]. This resulted in the underestimation of periodontal disease significantly. Another reason is that, early on, the absence of universally accepted case definition for periodontal disease hindered the research into periodontal disease, and thus, underestimated the prevalence of it. The rise in prevalence of periodontal disease over the years is due to the use of full mouth periodontal examination (FMPE) protocols, which are considered the gold standard for periodontal disease examination. In FMPE, probing depth and attachment loss is measured at 6 sites per tooth. This gave a measurement of up to 168 sites per person, when compared to either 28 or 42 sites measured with PMPE [6]. Thus, using FMPE provided an accurate prevalence measure of periodontitis. Periodontal disease continues to be one of the main oral diseases in the US, despite improvement in oral health over the past couple of decades. In the past, research into the prevalence of periodontal disease has been hard to do due to the need for a clinical examination and the cost and time needed. Even though there have been accomplishments for the surveillance of periodontal disease in the past few decades, more research is still needed due to the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. For example, studies have described a relationship between periodontal disease and smoking, between periodontal health and CV risk factors, and between attachment loss and heart attack. Studies have also shown a link between periodontal disease and respiratory disease, pregnancy, and osteoporosis [8]. Generally, PMPE protocols have been used as the method for surveillance of periodontitis in the US. Since periodontitis does not occur evenly in the mouth, PMPE protocols underestimate the prevalence of the disease. Therefore, by using FMPE protocols we can accurately determine the prevalence of periodontitis in future studies. [1] Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Goodson JM, Lindhe J.
New concepts of destructive periodontal disease.J Clin Periodontol. 1984;11:21–32.
[2] Albandar JM. Global risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2002: 29: 177–206.
[3] Page R. C. (1986). Gingivitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 13, 345–359. 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb01471.x
[4] Silva N, Abuslme L, Bravo D. Host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases. J Appl Oral Sci. 2015 May-Jun; 23(3): 329–355.
[5] P.I. Eke, B.A. Dye, L. Wei, G.O. Thornton-Evans, and R.J. Genco. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J DENT RES 0022034512457373, first published on August 30, 2012 as doi:10.1177/0022034512457373
[6] Eke PI, Thornton-Evans G, Dye BA, Genco R. Advances in surveillance of periodontitis: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project. J Periodontol 2012;83(11):1337–1342.
[8] Garcia R, Henshaw M, Krall A. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. Periodontology 2000, 25: 21–36
[9] AxelssonP. Periodontitis Is Preventable. Journal of Periodontology. 2.71). 10/2014; 85(10):1303-1307. DOI:
10.1902/jop.2014.140336
Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the structures that support the teeth. This disease is the primary loss of teeth in dogs. It is caused by a build-up of dental plaque on the surfaces of the teeth and around the gums. Bacteria can accumulate in the dental plaque and irritate the gum tissue which leads to the infection of the bone that surrounds the teeth. Some effects of the disease include: bad breath, bleeding gums, oral pain, dropping food from mouth while eating and loss of appetite. In severe cases the teeth may become loose and fall out.
According to the American Dental Association, gum disease, also referred to as periodontal disease, occurs when the tissues that support and surround your teeth become infected. Many people are unaware they even have gum disease, because it isn’t a painful disease. Periodontal disease is caused by a film of sticky bacteria called plaque forming on the teeth.
However, on the a recent visit dated 23/12/13 the patient’s gingival condition had deteriorated, presenting with an increased plaque scores of 34% and bleeding scores to 63%. Intra oral examination also showed generalised oedema and erythema throughout in the mouth in response to this increase in plaque bacteria. The presence of supra-gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth and both sites of upper buccal molars and the patients BPE now reads 212 /121, putting the patients caries risk at a ‘High’ status.
The article Poor Teeth was written by Sarah Smarsh with the goal in mind being to shed light on the issue between upper and lower class society in a particularly concrete way. Teeth and dental health are an easy thing for people to imagine in their head because everyone has a set whether they’re white and shiny or black and rotted. This makes it easy to draw a comparison between people that care for their teeth and those who don’t. However, access to dental knowledge and services which the lower class often times doesn’t have is very different between the poor and the rich. While the rich stroll through life showing off their perfect glossy white rows of teeth, there are less privileged people out there with barren mouths whose weak pale gums
A good dental hygiene is very important for everybody no matter the age. A clean mouth will help us to stay more immune to infection and other risks that periodontitis can cause. Remember to take the time to brush and floss your teeth properly every day to keep your teeth and gums healthy. It is never too early or too late to begin taking care of your
(1) LOW INCOME AND LACK OF INSURANCE: A number of studies have linked poor oral health with low socioeconomic status. Affordability is identified as major challenge in accessing dental care. “For instance, 17.3 per cent of the whole population (i.e., approximately
14- Dutt. P, Chaudhary SR, et al. Oral health and menopause: a comprehensive review on current knowledge and associated dental management. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research (2013); 3(3): 320-323.
Periodontal disease also known as periodontitis is the inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both. This includes gingivitis, which is the inflammation of the gingiva and is the milder form. This later on progresses to periodontitis and is a more severe form. Periodontitis affects the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and cementum.
Each country in today’s world has their own growth and their own dental care system. As you can see in appendix 5 and 6 you will see “Scorecard assessment of state of evidence for action, leadership, resources and health systems in important areas of oral health”(Beaglehole Pg 90). The global scale is organized in 3 categories high income, middle income and low income countries. High income countries world population is on...
To fight off gingivitis and periodontal disease, here’s what you can do to keep your gums in tip-top shape:
Oral Cancer Foundation, Inc., Sept. 2010. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Nov. 2013 • Dichter, Ernest.
Infection control is a central concept to every practice of health care providers. Its main objective is to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases from both patients and health personnel (Martin et al., 2010). In dental clinic, infection control is a continuous concern for its professionals. They have to contact patients routinely and be exposed to their blood, saliva, dental plaque and pus that may contain infectious pathogens. It is important for the dental professionals to treat these fluids as if they are infectious and special precautions must be taken to handle them. In this essay, I will highlight the scope of infection control practices in dental clinics and the ways through which infectious microorganisms are transmitted in the dental clinic. Also, I will talk about some infection control guidelines implemented in dental clinics and how they meet the needs of the patients. Finally, from a personal perspective, I will mention some factors that affect the implantation of infection control guidelines and procedures.
I decided to do my research report on dentistry because it is a perfect blend of science and art. It is a science in that you must fully comprehend on the different types of diagnostic and procedures you are doing. It is an art in that you are constantly working with your hands to create a beautiful smile. The impact you make on helping a person achieve an impeccable smile is not one to compare with materialistic things like money or cars. People often mistake dentist as only doing practices when in fact they could do more, like research. I was fortunate enough to have been given the opportunity to interview Dr. Sarah Pham, DDS, a close family friend who practices dentistry in her own private office in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Pham was
The bacteria that live in biofilms are difficult to treat for many reasons. Oral biofilms are varied and complex and each has its own individual micro-ecology. This micro-ecology changes as it matures and during the maturation process the density of microbes increases. The mature biofilm becomes more difficult to treat because the maturation process provides protection against
Manufacturers of mouthwashes say that their products kill bacteria and clinics have been recommending the use of mouthwash for decades and is said to significantly improve gingival health [1] . I am very interested in these claims stating how effective mouthwashes are and I would like to find out the importance of the products in our daily lives demonstrated in my experiment. Mouthwashes play a very important role in preventing plaque formation and also it reduces cavities and a gum disease known as periodontal disease. Periodontal disease makes the teeth detach from the gums as a result of an inflammatory response to plaque, but not only does this disease affect the teeth only, it also has other symptoms such as being a risk factor for having