“Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine as a result of an imbalance of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. These acidic digestive juices are secreted by the cells of the stomach. Named for where they are found, “peptic ulcers are a very common and often reoccurring health problem, and it is estimated that more than 20 million Americans will experience a peptic ulcer in their lifetime” (Cleveland).
Gastric ulcers occur on the inside of the stomach. These are often the result of bacterium Heliobacter pylori (H. pylori), which causes stomach infection, inflammation and cancer. Heliobacter pylori produce toxic molecules that weaken the stomach's protective mucus, therefore, making it more susceptible to the damaging effects of gastric acids, and thus producing more acid. According to MedlinePlus, researchers speculate it may be spread by unclean food and water, since it is found in about two-thirds of the world’s population.
Esophageal ulcers are found on the inside of the stomach lining. They occur within the muscular hollow tube called the esophagus, which carries food from the throat to the stomach. In severe cases, when there is a reflux of gastric juices through the cardiac sphincter, it can ultimately perforate and cause severe inflammation of the tissues that surround it, the heart, and tissue between the lungs.
Duodenal ulcers are the most common, occurring on the inside of the upper portion of the small intestine called the duodenum. This results when the acid chyme, a semifluid mass of partially digested food, is expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. This chime is not completely neutralized when entering through the pyloric sphincter, thus producing erosions a...
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Psychguide (2016). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from http://psychguides.com
The stomach naturally produces acid, which is mainly responsible for food digestion and the destruction of any foreign pathogen or bacteria ingested with food. Acid is secreted by stimulating the partial
Field EA, Allan RB. Review article: oral ulceration--aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:949–62. [PubMed]
In addition to its traditional clinical manifestations, GAS can also cause serious invasive disease such as necrotizing fasciitis, colloquially known as the flesh-eating disease. First broadly reported during the Civil War, when it was known as gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis occurs when an individual’s subcutaneous fat and superficial fascia become rapidly necrotic. Though incidence data is limited, one study estimated that, worldwide, there are approximately 660,000 cases of invasive GAS disease per year, with 97% of those cases occurring in low-income populations (4). Many microorganisms other than GAS have been linked with necrotizing fasciitis, including Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichica coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the disease is often caused by a polymicrobial infection. However, the most well known causative agent in necrotizing fasciitis cases is usually Group A streptococci (6). Although risk factors for necrotizing fasciitis include diabetes, old age, and immunosuppression, nearly half of all infections occur i...
For the process of formulating a PICO question I have narrowed down to five questions pertaining to the factors in the development of pressure ulcers. The first question is what role does the environment play i...
A pressure ulcer is an area of skin with unrelieved pressure resulting in ischemia, cell death, and necrotic tissue. The constant external pressure or rubbing that exceeds the arterial capillary pressure (32mmHg) and impairs local normal blood flow to tissue for an extended period of time, results in pressure ulcer (Smeltzer et. Al., 2013). According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014, pressure ulcers are a major burden to the society, as it approaches $11billion annually, with a cost range from $500 to $70,000 per individual pressure ulcer. It is a significant healthcare problem despite considerable investment in education, training, and prevention equipment. This paper includes two different studies to link cause-effect
Alzheimer’s disease considered a risk factor because of impairment of mental status (Berman&Slon, 2012). Due to their mental status, patients are unaware of prevention of pressure ulcers, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure ulcers. However, the dryness of the skin also considers as risk factors for pressure ulcers. Diabetes mellitus is also a risk factor of pressure ulcers as people with diabetes have sensation lost (Scemons&Elston, 2009). Age is an important risk factor because pressure ulcers are more common among older people as a result of the skin becomes more sensitive and fragile (Bedsores, 2014). Moreover, low blood pressure adds to the risk factor of pressure ulcers, incontinence of urine or feces also considered risk factors. Prolonged surgery, anemia, higher body temperature, and vascular disease are all risk factors for pressure
For many years, stomach was thought to be sterile due to its high acidic secretions in the gastric juice(#73) that’s why physicians previously attributed ulcers to stress or anxiety
A common condition that is associated with GERD and LES problems is having a hiatal hernia. A hiatal hernia is when you have a larger than normal opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through. Since this opening is larger, the stomach begins to enter this opening. When you eat, the stomach and esophagus do not join as they were properly intended and cause malfunctioning of the LES. In some cases, food remains above the LES allowing it to easily travel back up the esophagus.
Thomas, D. R. (2001). Issues and dilemmas in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: A
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Belvoir Media Group (2010) realised an article claiming that although pressure on the skin is the focal cause of decubitus ulcers, other factors frequently fund this problem. These factors include; shearing and friction causing the skin to stretch and blood vessels to curve which results in impair blood circulation, Moisture, circulatory problems, age, and people with poor nutrition. It further claims that ulcers can be categorised in different stages (stage 1; being the initial stage, and stage 4; being the most severe), and treatments for ulcers include distinct dressings to be applied to promote healing. Cooper (2013) likewise clarifies that many different factors contributing to the progress of ulcers in supplement to pressure such as moisture, shear and friction. She additionally goes on to say that hydrocolloid dressings do not relieve pressure, nonetheless do reduce friction and shearing of the wound.
Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid irritates the stomach lining so our body produces a natural mucus barrier which protects it. Sometimes this barrier may be damaged thus allowing the acid to damage the stomach causing inflammation, ulcers and other conditions. Other times, there may be a problem with the muscular band at the top of the stomach that keeps the stomach tightly closed and this allows the acid to escape and irritate the oesophagus. This is called 'acid reflux' and can cause heartburn and/or oesophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole stop cells in the lining of the stomach from producing too much acid. This can help prevent ulcers from forming or assist the healing process. By decreasing the amount of acid, they can also help to reduce acid reflux related symptoms such as heartburn.
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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)? - MedicineNet. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.medicinenet.com/urinary_tract_infection/page2.htm