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Human sexuality throughout history
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Paraphilias are sexual impulse disorders and sexual urges that are considered deviant with respect to cultural norms. In clinical terms, paraphilia is defined as: Recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors that occur over a period of at least 6 months generally involving 1) nonhuman objects 2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partners or 3) children or other nonconsenting persons (Criterion A). Such behaviours sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational or other important areas of functioning. (Criterion B) (Med J 122) Paraphilias produce clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational …show more content…
Women are portrayed as weak or subjugated through pornography. Men brazenly evaluate and judge women sexually and aesthetically with their gaze pre-occupied with voyeuristic inclinations in public spaces and events like beauty contests etc. In 1975, Laura Mulvey with her groundbreaking essay Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema introduced the key concept of male gaze. The representation of women as an object has invaded in visual culture to a large extent. This essay uncovers the voyeuristic and fetishistic responses of male viewers to the images of women. She criticizes in her essay the Hollywood films because they make use of voyeurism and exhibitionism as boosting factors to sexual desires. Female characters function as erotic objects both for characters within the story and for the viewers. She takes psychoanalysis as frame and within this frame she interprets unusual sexual behaviours that a person adopts in order to give vent to his sexual desires. Male gaze and sexual objectification are directly comparable with each other because both theories have their roots in the theory of feminism. Feminists observe that sexual objectification is an important discursive issue and an important aspect of patriarchal order in which women are not enjoying equality. Through psychoanalysis Mulvey aims to reinforce the pre-existing patterns of passivity of female sex and fear of castration. Woman, who lacks penis, is the symbol of castrated being. Through objectification men try to gain control over
Worling, J .(2012). The assessment and treatment of deviant sexual arousal with adolescents who have offended sexually. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(1), 36-63. doi: 10.1080/13552600.2011.630152
Led by Laura Mulvey, feminist film critics have discussed the difficulty presented to female spectators by the controlling male gaze and narrative generally found in mainstream film, creating for female spectators a position that forces them into limited choices: "bisexual" identification with active male characters; identification with the passive, often victimized, female characters; or on occasion, identification with a "masculinized" active female character, who is generally punished for her unhealthy behavior. Before discussing recent improvements, it is important to note that a group of Classic Hollywood films regularly offered female spectators positive, female characters who were active in controlling narrative, gazing and desiring: the screwball comedy.
... By temporarily disrupting the spectator's sense of visual pleasure and coding this alternative as ill, as well as associating the restoration of visual pleasure with a return to the male gaze, the film successfully reinforces the male position as voyeur and female as object. The film normalizes the female spectators role of deriving pleasure from being both subject and object, proving, through the (medicalization) of the female protagonist, that to only derive pleasure in viewing as a subject or voyeur is a false pleasure, one that is abnormal. Just as Charlotte is cured in the film by denying her the gaze and constructing her into a fetish, so too is the female spectator's pleasure 'cured' or restored as she allows herself to be both object and subject, perceiving control of the gaze as an illness rather than as a tool of empowerment.
“...an individual with [pedophilia] has the same ingrained attraction that a heterosexual female may feel towards a male, or a homosexual feels towards their same gender.” (Johnston, Pg. 1). Pedophilia - “the fantasy or act of sexual activity with children who are generally age 13 years or younger” (American Psychiatric Association, p.1) - a word that holds multiple negative connotations, is often seen as aberrant thought process or behavior, and is under debate as to whether or not it’s a sexual orientation. But can it be considered a sexual orientation? As a member of the LGBT community, this issue has surfaced among us and shocked the majority.
Gender and the portrayal of gender roles in a film is an intriguing topic. It is interesting to uncover the way women have been idealized in our films, which mirrors the sentiments of the society of that period in time. Consequently, the thesis of this essay is a feminist approach that seeks to compare and contrast the gender roles of two films. The selected films are A few Good Men and Some Like it Hot.
Based on an article by the National Alert Registry by Dr. Herbert Wagemaker, four percent of the population suffers from sexual orientation toward children. In 1999, 93,000 kids were sexually abused. 50% of the abusers were parents of th...
The idea of male gaze in cinema is best addressed by Laura Mulvey in her article “Visual Pleasures and the Narrative Cinema”. One idea she looks at is the notion that women are related to the image, and men assume the role as bearer of the look. She quotes “In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness.” The traditional exhibition role is what Sarah Polley must overcome in order to express female and national identity in a position of strength. In order to do this she must alter some the traditional constructions associated with the gaze in cinema to bring in order to critique the gaze that is male.
Also, the film revealed women empowerment and how superior they can be compared to men. While demonstrating sexual objectification, empowerment, there was also sexual exploitation of the women, shown through the film. Throughout this essay, gender based issues that were associated with the film character will be demonstrated while connecting to the real world and popular culture.
The patriarchal cinematic ideology detailed by Laura Mulvey in “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” is pervasive in Stanley Kubrick’s film Eyes Wide Shut. The women in the film all eventually become the passive sexual objects that Mulvey has described in her paper. There are times in the film that women attempt to defy these strongly enforced gender roles, but they are always punished and returned to their positions as objects of the male gaze.
It is shocking to see the digression in humanity’s morals and values over the past decade. As cliché as it sounds, the media is the center of it all. The way women are being represented, from our television sets, the radio, pornography and even art has pushed beauty to the top of the list of controversial and widely debated topics around the globe. “Whenever we walk down the street, watch TV, open a magazine or enter an art gallery, we are faced with images of femininity,” (Watson and Martin).
The term “fetishism” first came to light in 1887. Psychologist Alfred Binet first presented the terminology to explain those that feel sexually attracted to inanimate objects. As the years passed, other psychologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Sigmund Freud made adjustments to the word until it encompassed all overwhelming urges to use an object or part of the body that is normally considered nonsexual to reach sexual fulfillment. (Sexual Fetishism, 2003, Metacalf, Luke, Nationmaster.com) Until the time of the sexual revolution, fetishes where thought of as abnormal or deviant behaviors and mental illnesses. However, in more recent years the more acceptable “paraphilia” has been used to label those who have peculiar sexual desires. (Crooks & Baur, (2013). Our Sexuality (12 Edition) Page 488)
Feminism is a movement that supports women equality within society. In relation to film, feminism is what pushes the equal representation of females in mainstream films. Laura Mulvey is a feminist theorist that is famous for touching on this particular issue of how men and women are represented in movies. Through her studies, she discovered that many films were portraying men and women very differently from reality. She came up with a theory that best described why there is such as huge misrepresentation of the social status quos of male and female characters. She believed that mainstream film is used to maintain the status quo and prevent the realization of gender equality. This is why films are continuously following the old tradition that males are dominant and females are submissive. This is the ideology that is always present when we watch a movie. This is evident in the films from the past but also currently. It is as if the film industry is still catering to the male viewers of each generation in the same way. Laura Mulvey points out that women are constantly being seen as sexual objects, whether it is the outfits they wear or do not wear or the way they behave, or secondary characters with no symbolic cause. She states that, “in traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote it-be-looked-at-ness.”(Mulvey pg. 715). Thus, women are nevertheless displayed as nothing more than passive objects for the viewing pleasure of the audience. Mulvey also points out through her research that in every mainstream movie, there is ...
The danger of brutality and assault, radical feminists hypothesizes, is the way patriarchy controls all women. Radical feminists contentions against pornography include the claim that women are objectified and viewed through heterosexual male eyes (the male gaze), reducing women to mere sex objects that exist for men’s pleasure and this urges women to see themselves through male eyes. The essence of all this is that it strengthens male command of ladies – patriarchy – decreasing the possibilities of ladies accomplishing equivalent status and opportunity to men. Porn is about force. Pornography, is turning out to be progressively brutal and that ladies who perform in erotic entertainment are brutalized during the time spent its creation.
Feminist theory was derived from the social movement of feminism where political women fight for the right of females in general and argue in depth about the unequality we face today. In the aspect of cinema, feminists notice the fictitious representations of females and also, machismo. In 1974, a book written by Molly Haskell "From Reverence to Rape: The treatment of Women in Movies" argues about how women almost always play only passive roles while men are always awarded with active, heroic roles. Moreover, how women are portrayed in movies are very important as it plays a big role to the audience on how to look at a woman and how to treat her in real life due to the illusionism that cinema offers. These images of women created in the cinema shapes what an ideal woman is. This can be further explained through an article 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' written by a feminist named Laura Mulvey in 1975. She uses psychoanalysis theories by Sigmund Freud to analyze 'Scopophilia' which is the desire to see. This explains how the audience is hooked to the screen when a sexy woman is present. In a bigger picture, where Scopophilia derives from, 'Voyeurism' is also known as feeling visual pleasure when looking at another. Narcissism on the other hand means identifying one's self with the role played. It is not hard to notice that in classical cinema, men often play the active role while the women are always the object of desire for the male leads, displayed as a sexual object and frequently the damsels in distress. Therefore, the obvious imbalance of power in classical cinema shows how men are accountable to moving the narratives along. Subconsciously, narcissism occurs in the audience as they ...
The book used psychoanalysis theory as a political dart to portray the reality. It argued about its relevance to the pleasing and unpleasing offered by the historic narrative film. It further discussed scopophilia urge that is pleasure in looking at another person as an erotic object (Laura Mulvey, 1975). The “gaze” is a concept that depicts how observers get involved with visual media.