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Ethics in organ donation
Ethical issues of organ transplantation
Ethical issues of organ transplantation
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In order to fulfill the requirements, set forth by the Honors Program I will complete an additional research project for Human Anatomy and Physiology 2 with Dr. Martin Mitchell. This assignment will consist of a twenty-page paper about the process of organ transplant surgery and a comparative analysis of organ procurement procedure in the United States and other developed countries. The research paper will include the bioethical issues of organ procurement. The topics to be covered and expanded upon with research is the transplant recipient evaluation process and the primary types of transplant surgery with a focus on kidney transplant surgery. Also the bioethical concerns of unequal access and structural soundness of the transplant waiting list will be addressed. The legislation involved with …show more content…
organ procurement and transplant waiting lists in the United States will be examined and compared to that of other developed countries including Japan, Australia, and other developed countries in Europe. This contract will further my education and require critical thinking skills.
The subject of the research paper is beyond the material to be covered in class and will enrich my global perspective and deepen my knowledge of a topic that is not typically covered in the regular class. Researching this topic will require me to read more advanced and supplemental information and critically analyze and interpret scientific publications. The aspect of researching different bioethical concerns of organ procurement will allow me to interpret and synthesis different perspectives on the various matters. At the end of the semester I will hold a fifteen-minute scientific presentation to the class audience which will enhance my public speaking skills. In order to produce quality research, I will meet with Dr. Mitchell during his regularly scheduled office hours to review the completion of certain research and writing. Along with the 20-page research paper I will complete other assignments such as but not limited to annotated bibliography, a working outline, and plans for revision. My work will me assessed based on the quality of the research paper, presentation, and effort put
forth. In order for the research project to enrich my mind, I will use a series of sources. I plan to use mostly medical textbook which have been ordered from other university libraries. Some of the titles include Medical Governance - Values, Expertise, and Interests in Organ Transplantation by David Leo Weimer and T. Randolph Beard’s The Global Organ Shortage - Economic Causes, Human Consequences, Policy Responses. I will also use peer reviewed publications and government websites such as but not limited to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and Donate Life. These advanced sources will enable me to critically analyze and interpret information. This research will enrich my learning and encourage critical thinking and analyses. I will benefit from this higher degree of research because it allows for the exploration of various disciplines (ethics, medicine, and legislation). The research paper is of value to me because I am able to deepen my understanding of a topic that is of interest to me and that would not typically been covered in the normal class. Overall at the conclusion of the contract I will have met the requirement in order to fulfill the standards of the Honors program.
“Organ Sales Will Save Lives” by Joanna MacKay be an essay that started with a scenario that there are people who died just to buy a kidney, also, thousands of people are dying to sell a kidney. The author stood on her point that governments should therefore stop banning the sale of human organs, she further suggests that it should be regulated. She clearly points that life should be saved and not wasted. Dialysis in no way could possibly heal or make the patient well. Aside from its harshness and being expensive, it could also add stress to the patient. Kidney transplant procedure is the safest way to give hope to this hopelessness. By the improved and reliable machines, transplants can be safe—keeping away from complications. Regulating
Gregory exposes and informs the audience that there are thousands of people that are dying and suffering as a result of not being able to receive transplants. Persuasively, Gregory is pushing and convincing readers to open their eyes and agree that there should be a legal market in organ selling and that people should be compensated for their donation. The author approaches counterarguments such as the market will not be fair and the differences between a liberalist’s and conservative’s views on organ selling. Liberal claims like “my body, my choice” and the Conservative view of favoring free markets are what is causing controversy to occur. Gregory suggests that these studies “show that this has become a matter of life and death” (p 452, para 12). Overall, Anthony Gregory makes great claims and is successful in defending them. He concludes with “Once again, humanitarianism is best served by the respect for civil liberty, and yet we are deprived both… just to maintain the pretense of state-enforced propriety” (p 453, para 15). In summary, people are deprived of both humanitarianism and civil liberty all because of the false claim of state-enforced behaviors considered to be appropriate or correct. As a result, lives are lost and human welfare is at
First of all, we can assess issues concerning the donor. For example, is it ever ethically acceptable to weaken one person’s body to benefit another? It has to be said that the practiced procedures are not conducted in the safest of ways, which can lead to complications for both donors and recipients (Delmonico 1416). There are also questions concerning of informed consent: involved donors are not always properly informed about the procedure and are certainly not always competent to the point of fully grasping the situation (Greenberg 240). Moral dilemmas arise for the organ recipient as well. For instance, how is it morally justifiable to seek and purchase organs in foreign countries? Is it morally acceptable to put oneself in a dangerous situation in order to receive a new organ? Some serious safety issues are neglected in such transactions since the procedures sometimes take place in unregulated clinics (Shimazono 959). There is also the concept of right to health involved in this case (Loriggio). Does someone’s right to health have more value than someone else’s? Does having more money than someone else put your rights above theirs? All of these questions have critical consequences when put into the context of transplant tourism and the foreign organ trade. The answers to these questions are all taken into account when answering if it is morally justifiable to purchase
Thesis: I will explain the history of organ transplants, starting with ancient ideas before modern science until the 21st century.
In her article, Satel criticizes the current methods governing organ sharing in the United States, and suggests that the government should encourage organ donation, whether it was by providing financial incentives or other compensatory means to the public. Furthermore, the author briefly suggests that the European “presumed consent” system for organ donation might remedy this shortage of organs if implicated in the States.
Organ sales and donation are a controversial topic that many individuals cannot seem to agree upon. However, if someone close; a family member, friend, or someone important in life needed a transplant, would that mindset change? There are over one hundred and nineteen thousand men, women, and children currently waiting on the transplant list, and twenty-two of them die each day waiting for a transplant (Organ, 2015). The numbers do not lie. Something needs to be done to ensure a second chance at life for these individuals. Unfortunately, organ sales are illegal per federal law and deemed immoral. Why is it the government’s choice what individuals do with their own body? Organ sales can be considered an ethical practice when all sides of the story are examined. There are a few meanings to the word ethical in this situation; first, it would boost the supply for the
Marieb, E. N., (2006). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition by Eldra Pear Soloman (pgs. 51 and 58)
It is clear that a large demand for organs exists. People in need of organ donations are transferred to an orderly list. Ordinarily, U.S. institutions have an unprofitable system which provides organs through a list of individuals with the highest needs; however, these organs may never come. A list is
There are questions about transplant allocation in regards to the four major ethical principles in medical ethics: beneficence, autonomy, nonmaleficence and justice. Beneficence is the “obligation of healthcare providers to help people” that are in need, autonomy is the “right of patients to make choices” in regards to their healthcare, nonmaleficence, is the “duty of the healthcare providers to do no harm”, and justice is the “concept of treating everyone in a fair manner” ("Medical Ethics & the Rationing of Health Care: Introduction", n.d., p. 1).
The principle of distributive justice as it relates to healthcare requires that all resources are allocated equitably among all individuals. Resources, whether abundant or scare are distributed fairly to any individual requiring them but in the constrained resource environment of available organs criteria have already been established by other agencies. First and foremost the establishment of these criteria negate the principle of distributive justice because there are individuals who regardless of their place on the waiting list will be turned away. On the other hand individuals with higher incomes or additional financial means have the advantage over those with limited financial assets if advertising and purchasing organs is the future trend of transplant surgery. Again distributive justice is violated, this time ...
In this paper I will be using the normative theory of utilitarianism as the best defensible approach to increase organ donations. Utilitarianism is a theory that seeks to increase the greatest good for the greatest amount of people (Pense2007, 61). The utilitarian theory is the best approach because it maximizes adult organ donations (which are the greater good) so that the number of lives saved would increase along with the quality of life, and also saves money and time.
Nadiminti, H. (2005) Organ Transplantation: A dream of the past, a reality of the present, an ethical Challenge for the future. Retrieved February 12, 2014 from http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2005/09/fred1-0509.html
In conclusion, although there are some valid reasons to support the creation of an organ market based on the principles of beneficence and autonomy, there are also many overriding reasons against the market. Allowing the existence of organ markets would theoretically increase the number of organ transplants by living donors, but the negative results that these organ markets will have on society are too grave. Thus, the usage of justice and nonmaleficence as guiding ethical principles precisely restricts the creation of the organ market as an ethical system.
A market in organs for purposes of transplant can be morally justified. The following will address this statement as true for those organs considered non-vital. First, eight arguments in favor of prohibition of organ sales will be critically assessed, followed by a support of organ sales.