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Critical review of OPEC
Critical review of OPEC
Effects of oil prices on the economy
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OPEC’s challenges and creation of incentives for technological innovation
OPEC is an unstable cartel representing the same interest of the major players in the oil exporting nations. It had its time when it has been effective in raising up the price of oil allowing the member nations to obtain a significant amount of premium collected on behalf of their sovereigns for the cartel and to their loyalty. The essay summarizes a cause and effect that focuses on 2 sets of connection; the first is focused of OPEC’s lack of efficiency or formal mechanism of scoping the conflicts along with its members which result in consequences that affect the oil depended industry as the transportation industry, or the aviation companies making them highly vulnerable. Second set focuses on the results of the OPEC’s mismanagements and concerns for their finite oil reserves, which in the other hand triggers new market for new developments in discovering alternatives to oil.
Lack of formal mechanism of allocating quota along the members:
OPEC in some point seems like a “clumsy cartel.” By clumsy cartel, sometimes it manages to have the impact that they want to have and sometimes it does not. It had a decade plus good run by effectively raising price of oil in 1970s up to the early 1980s and now again it had a good run for the past decade and a price raising above competitive level and straining supply at its most highly profitable level is the purpose of existing successful cartels so they can all enjoy monopoly profits. The economic theory tells us that they will not be charging the “highest price” but the “most profitable price” given each member supply while taking rest of the world’s supply in account. Unfortunately maintaining cartel is a hard w...
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...onsumption, the market becomes free to enter. As long as the change is based on technological advancement that doubles its capacity every six month meaning grows up to infinite, and as long as not depending on finite natural resource, the technological market in the future will be a competitive market.
Works Cited
Ydstie, John. "Oil Scare Turns FedEx On To Energy Efficiency." NPR. 02 Apr. 2012. NPR. 25 Feb. 2014 .
Spiro, David E. The hidden hand of American hegemony: Petrodollar recycling and international markets. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1999.
"OPEC to consider Iraqi oil output quota, first since Gulf War." DeseretNews.com. 29 Mar. 2000. 29 Feb. 2014 .
Both the CEO of Exxon, Lee Raymond, and the CEO of Mobil, Lucio Noto, announced that it is because of this reduction in prices and downsizing within the oil industry that the merger is taking place, the very nature of the oil industry was becoming increasingly competitive. The oil industry as whole was becoming more efficient, causing oil prices to fallr. Firms can only maintain their prices equal to or above marginal cost, and if prices are lower than marginal...
America is dependent on other nations for their ability to create energy. The United States is the world’s largest consumer of oil at 18.49 million barrels of oil per day. And it will continue to be that way for the foreseeable future considering the next largest customer of oil only consumes about 60% of what the U.S. does. This makes the U.S. vulnerable to any instability that may arise in the energy industry. In 2011, the world’s top three oil companies were Saudi Aramco (12%), National Iranian Oil Company (5%), and China National Petroleum Corp (4%). The risk associated with these countries being the top oil producers is twofold. One, they are located half way around the world making it an expensive to transport the product logistically to a desired destination. And two, the U.S. has weak, if not contentious,...
Pratt, Joseph A. “Exxon and the Control of Oil.” Journal of American History. 99.1 (2012): 145-154. Academic search elite. Web. 26. Jan. 2014.
In his analysis, Charles Fine goes on to note that as the speed of an industry accelerates, the advantage one company may gain shortens – advantages are temporary. This conclusion is somewhat intuitive since the research and development to production cycle gets s...
This paper focuses on the oil industry, limited to crude oil and refineries U.S. based companies, is identified as oligopoly in U.S. market due to their market shares and powers.
The main reason for the price increase is that OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) has decided to cut back on its oil production. What is the reason for this? Simply stated, OPEC knows that they have the United States under their control in terms of what price they want to sell crude oil to us at, and how much they want to ship. With the present economic prosperity in the U.S., it didn’t take long for OPEC to seize the opportunity to make more money by cutting production of crude oil, and thus forcing consumers to pay more for fuel. Just how much higher are prices you ask? “Crude-oil prices in early March hit $34 a barrel, while a year earlier it was selling for $12 a barrel, which is nearly a 75% price increase since last year. This equates to an additional 48 cents a gallon” (Logistics Management 15).
A perfectly competitive market is based on a model of perfect competition. For a market to fall under this model it must have a number of firms, homogeneous products, and easy exit and entry levels into the market (McTaggart, 1992).
There are many industries. Economist group them into four market models: 1) pure competition which involves a very large number of firms producing a standardized producer. New firms may enter very easily. 2) Pure monopoly is a market structure in which one firm is the sole seller a product or service like a local electric company. Entry of additional firms is blocked so that one firm is the industry. 3)Monopolistic competition is characterized by a relatively large number of sellers producing differentiated product. 4)Oligopoly involves only a few sellers; this “fewness” means that each firm is affected by the decisions of rival and must take these decisions into account in determining its own price and output. Pure competition assumes that firms and resources are mobile among different kinds of industries.
A market universe can be considered to be composed of two oceans: Red and Blue. Red oceans represent the industries in existence today i.e. the known market place. Blue oceans denote all the industries not in existence today—the unknown market space, untainted by competition. In the red oceans, industry boundaries are defined and accepted and the competitive rules of the game are known.
In conclusion, OPEC's monopoly of the petroleum industry has been a strong one since the 1960's since its members enjoy economies of scale. Its decisions concerning the output of petrol have always been strong affecting the rest of the world. This monopoly is socially inefficient due to the output and the deadweight loss that results. Interestingly enough, to break this monopoly, the new Iraq has the potential to turn the market power around.
It is essential to analyze the competitor strategies in the modern world for sustaining in the business. Even though numbers of players in the oil industry are less but competitor analysis is mandatory for developing the right business strategy. Since the beginning of ExxonMobil, their vision of merging IOCs’ has shown other companies the future in order to survive in the oil and gas industry.
‘OPEC (/ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers’
The means by which OPEC exerts its influence is through setting production quotas. OPEC sets individual production quotas for each member country that serve as “production targets” to ensure the level of petroleum supplied by OPEC does not exceed the demand for petroleum. These “production targets” for each country add up to a “ceiling” that OPEC desires not to exceed. In reality however, OPEC countries have traditionally exceeded the proposed ceiling. In October of 2002, OPEC set a ceiling of nearly 22 million barrels to be produced per day by the OPEC 10. However, nearly 25 million barrels were produced, 3 million more than the proposed ceiling. Iraq is not included in the quota system because their exports are controlled by the U.N. based on the “food for oil” program, hence the “OPEC 10” instead of “OPEC 11.” (http://www.eia.doe.gov)
However in 2007, FedEx knew they had to change their approach to fuel use for two important reasons: (1) they were trying to change their position to become a good global citizen; and (2) to change their business model to displace planes frequently for refueling (FedEx, 2005). FedEx started using a fuel management program called Fuel Sense. This program consists of 40 different teams that come together to improve equipment, efficiencies and other practices in the transportation chain. According to (How FedEx’s “purple promise’ shrinks emissions and grows revenue, 2014) Fuel Sense has saved 60 million gallons of fuel ending the 2013 year, with improvements by 2020 (Clark, 2014).
Dermot Gately, “What Oil Export Levels Should We Expect From OPEC?,” The Energy Journal 28, 2 (2007): 151-173