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Concepts of counseling
Concepts of counseling
Concepts of counseling
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HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus; this virus can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Accoring to Avert, 2.6 million people became infected with HIV in 2009, there are now an estimated 33.3 million people around the world who are living with HIV. HIV is transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids via sharing contaminated syringes, from infected mother to the child, and sexual contact. Contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or saliva that is contaminated with HIV, puts an individual at higher risk for contracting HIV. However, HIV cannot be transmitted by touch, coughing, or by bits from insect vectors. For LaToya to come to terms with her positive HIV status, she must disclose her status via assistance through counseling and support by her loved one. To minimize adverse psychological events such as depression the individual must disclose their status. LaToya must first understand how HIV is acquired. LaToya had activities that put herself at higher risk for contracting the virus. One activity was sexual intercourse with multiple partners. LaToya was charged with solicitation in the past. Another activity is the use of intravenous needles. HIV can be passed on when injecting equipment that has been used by an infected person is then used by someone else. In longitudinal studies by Vyavaharkar et al. (2011), findings have implications for designing and implementing interventions supporting women with HIV disease in disclosing their HIV status appropriately, particularly to their spouse and children. In the long run, self-disclosure may help decrease depression and improve quality of life among HIV infected women living in limited resource settings. A referreal for a personal coun... ... middle of paper ... ...tandards for HIV reporting. Although this is commonly the physician, mid-wife or advance practice nurse roles, emphasizing on the healthcare provider that orders the diagnostic test to report the findings. Works Cited Avert. AIDS & HIV Information. Retrieved July 18, 2011. http://www.avert.org/hiv.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/aboutDHAP.htm Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2008). Public Health Nursing: Population-Centered Healthcare in the Community (7th ed.). St Louis: Mosby Vyavaharkar, M., Moneyham, L., Corwin, S., Tavakoli, A., Saunders, R., & Annang, L. (2011). HIV-Disclosure, Social Support, and Depression Among HIV-Infected African American Women Living in the Rural Southeastern United States. AIDS Education & Prevention, 23(1), 78-90. doi:10.1521/aeap.2011.23.1.78
Melchert, T., & Patterson, M. (1999). Duty to warn and interventions with HIV-positive clients. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 30 (2), 180-186.
In Dallas Buyers Club, once diagnosed, Ron is truly in disbelief that he has contracted the disease. He begins researching the disease, searching for an answer to how he could’ve contracted it. He begins reading, and learns that drug abuse is a way to contract the disease due to the exchange of blood on needles. Ron then remembers when he had sex with a woman who was a drug addict. In that moment, his diagnosis becomes real for him. Ron experiences a violent, angry reaction. Using a needle that has HIV contaminated blood on it is one of the way HIV/AIDS is spread. Sharing needles and syringes widely spreads the disease. Also, the use of drugs can lead to being incoherent and unable to make safer decisions. When under the influence, it is likely that you could make a risky choice of having unprotected sex with one or multiple partners, or using contaminated drug
Zich, J., & Temoshok, L. (1987). Perceptions of social support in men with AIDS and ARC: Relationships with distress and hardiness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 193-215.
During slavery, African American women were the ones that stayed home all day and cooked and cleaned for their families. These women were always told to just keep quiet and believe in God or their religious belief through everything they were going through. African American women didn’t have a voice in society so they couldn’t express their feelings like others could. This cultural aspect of African American women, just going through life and not being able to express themselves has contributed to many of the ladies suffering from depression. Depression amongst African women is very high because of past cultural experiences. African American women are one of the major groups of people that have sacristy of resources. Many times when African American women go to their doctors the doctors tend to diagnose them incorrectly or some time even give them the wrong treatment (Carrington, C. H. ,2006). African American when were always made to just deal with the problem that they were going through at the time not matter the mood they were in (Carrington, C. H.
According to the Public Health Agency of Canada HIV – the Human Immunodeficiency Virus - is a virus that attacks the immune system, resulting in a chronic, progressive illness that leaves people vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. (Canada 2008) Essentially over time, when your body can no longer battle the virus it progresses into a disease know as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS. The transmition of HIV occurs when a person’s contaminated body fluids enter another individual. Unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal or oral), sharing needles, using unsterilized equipment for body modification, mother to infant transmition, as well as occupational exposure in health care are all ways HIV can be spread. HIV/AIDS as an illness is relatively new. The first reported case of AIDS in the world was in 1981, and a year later in Canada. Scientists all around the world are busy searching for a cure or vaccine to treat the millions of people internationally dying of HIV/AIDS.
HIV, like many other STD's is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse. However, it can also be transmitted by infected "blood transfusions", an infected mother to fetus, and sharing infected needles as well as breast milk (2009, NIAID). The reason it is really unlikely that a person should contract this virus by skin contact, is because the way HIV invades a person's system (2009, NIAID). The virus itself has special markers on its plasma membrane called "CD Markers" that locate specific cells within a person's body that target specific cells such as helper-T Cells and Microphages (2012, Phelan). The HIV virus cannot invade cells that it cannot latch on to, so a handshake with a person who has HIV will not transfer the disease because skin cells do not have the appropriate receptors that the virus can attack. When the HIV cells find the specific cell it targets, they attach themselves to its surface and then releases its DNA proteins into the cell. The virus's DNA then take over the host cell's DNA and commands it to create copies of the HIV virus. The cell produces viral RNA which creates viral proteins that migrate to the cell edge and form an undeveloped HIV virus which then is expelled from the cell and matures into a new copy of the HIV virus.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDS. HIV is a virus that can only be contracted between human to human. HIV weakens your immune system because this virus is destroying cells that fight diseases and infection in your body. A virus can only produce itself by taking over a cell in the body of its h...
There is a lot of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, causing these women to put providing for their families over their own health, which is understandable. Although they might have access to condoms and know they are at risk of HIV/AIDS, what they might not understand is how far these infections can spread. Evidence-based information provided in a fun and engaging session may make these women realize just how many people they are putting at risk, including their own family members. Learning condom negotiation skills may help them better protect themselves and their sexual partners. These sessions may allow these women to feel more comfortable discussing sexual health, and encourage them to get tested. Being surrounded by their peers in a non-judgemental setting may encourage them to make changes, or support each other’s decisions to make
The main reason why this article was written was because there was a lack of attention on risk behaviours regarding women’s HIV prevention in the US. Since women have not been paid attention to, they are more susceptible then men in contracting HIV/AIDS. We need to design a risk reduction program that pays more attention to women.
“Clinically, the HIV infected adolescents present as physically stunted individuals, with delayed puberty and adrenarche. Mental illness and substance abuse are important co-morbidities” (Naswa, 2010). Naswa, 2010 also reports that adolescences with HIV have a higher susceptibility rate to contract STD’s that the average individual due to the thinner lining of mucus in the ovaries at this stage of their development. The stigma of living with HIV is also a factor for her psychosocial development. The fact that she contracted this disease from her father further contributes to emotional trauma.
Lamptey, P. R., & Gayle, H. (Eds). (2003). HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care in Resource- Constrained Settings. Arlington: Family Health International.
Various articles examining the ethical and legal issues surrounding the disclosure of HIV status prior to sexual relationships make evident that the disadvantages of disclosure outweigh the benefits, making clear that disclosure is unnecessary.
As a means of survival, close to their supernatural presence, African American women must remember the ultimate objective is to drive forward through unspeakable pain and turmoil. As a Counselor, the idea is to empower these individuals and not deem them unworthy of attention, care, and compassion. From a personal standpoint, I know the value of maintaining the pride of my heritage but also knowing when to seek out help. For so many, the individual and total survival of their womanhood were contingent on their ability to be strong. Furthermore, a lot of African American women's character is created on their ability to keep up a relationship with others-to be outgoing, albeit strong-willed and feisty, so as not to be considered the weaker of the races and cast off the idea of any passivity.
(Hutchison, 2011. p. 46) this theory can help us to understand Jose’s decisions regarding to confessing his diagnosis to the rest of his family or not. ”The potential for rejection, abandonment, physical and emotional abuse and other adverse consequences creates substantial barriers to disclosing HIV status” (Kalichman, C. S. et al.2007) as mentioned before Jose biggest fear is being rejected by the rest of his family, especially being rejected by his father. Now that Jose is attending the support group he knows that it is important that his family learn about his HIV status. So they can help Jose to make the necessary adjustments he needs to do to live a satisfactory. “Human interaction involves trade of social resources such as love, approval, information, money and physical labor. “ (Hutchison, D. E. 2011. p. 46). Jose is aware that disclosing his HIV status to the rest of his family would be beneficial to all of them. Because he and his family need to make changes in their lifestyle and they all need to be educated on HIV. Moreover Jose also is aware of the consequences this entails for both him and the rest of his family. Some negative consequences that this may bring to Jose is being rejected by his family and social stigmatization to which his family might be
From the moment scientists identified HIV and AIDS, social responses of fear, denial, stigma and discrimination have accompanied the epidemic. Discrimination has spread rapidly, fuelling anxiety and prejudice against the groups most affected, as well as those living with HIV or AIDS. It goes without saying that HIV and AIDS are as much about social phenomena as they are about biological and medical concerns. Across the world the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has shown itself capable of triggering responses of compassion, solidarity and support, bringing out the best in people, their families and communities. But the disease is also associated with stigma, repression and discrimination, as individuals affected (or believed to be affected) by HIV have been rejected by their families, their loved ones and their communities. This rejection holds as true in the rich countries of the north as it does in the poorer countries of the south.