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History of telescopes
History of telescopes
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Recommended: History of telescopes
Newton’s Telescope Project Report
Introduction
One of the outcomes of the Newton’s work was the development of the reflecting telescopes. In essence, the earliest telescopes such as the one used by Galileo consisted of the glass lenses mounted in a tube (Jenny, et al. 12). Further, Newton discovered that when light passed through a lens, the different colors were refracted by differing amounts. In solving this problem of the chromatic aberration, Newton designed a telescope that used mirrors, rather than lenses, to bring the light to a focus. Further, the light from the object being viewed is collected by the concave primary mirror and reflected a smaller secondary plane mirror. Furthermore, the mirror is inclined at 45 degrees to the axis
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Perhaps the greatest contribution to the astronomy was the intervention of the reflecting telescope. Further, he analyzed the properties of glass and came to the conclusion that refracting telescopes would always suffer from the noticeable aberrations. Further, the fundamental problem was the chromatic aberration. It arises from the prism-like effect, as light passes through a lens and is bent. Besides, every wavelength of the light is bent by the different amount. In essence, the red light appears to be bent more than the blue …show more content…
"Polarimetric analysis of the thirty meter telescope (TMT) for modeling instrumental polarization characteristics." SPIE Astronomical Telescopes+ Instrumentation. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014.
Casagrande, L., et al. "Strömgren Survey for Asteroseismology and Galactic Archaeology: Let the SAGA Begin." Astrophysical Journal 787.2 (2014): 110.
Costes, Vincent, Guillaume Cassar, and Laurent Escarrat. "Optical design of a compact telescope for the next generation earth observation system." International Conference on Space Optics. 2012.
Cropper, Mark, et al. "VIS: the visible imager for Euclid." SPIE Astronomical Telescopes+ Instrumentation. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014.
Ely, Justin, et al. "Updates to the Performance and Calibration of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope." IAU General Assembly 22 (2015): 55542.
Galper, A. M., et al. "Characteristics of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope for searching for dark matter signatures." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 77.11 (2013): 1339-1342.
Giakoumidis, N., et al. "Developing a Telescope Simulator towards a Global Autonomous Robotic Telescope Network." Publications de l 'Observatoire Astronomique de Beograd 92 (2013):
The research area of detecting exoplanets, planets outside our own solar system, is a huge area of interest and funding. The importance of being able to detect these planets is they can give us information and an insight into planetary formation, to help the search for ”Earth- like” planets in the habitable zone, and of course the ever-present question of extraterrestrial life. So on order to attempt to gather information about these things we must be have solid detection techniques in place for exoplanets. A few of the important methods shall be discussed here, including the radial velocity method, transit method, direct imaging and gravitational microlensing among others .
His problem statement (a description of the issue being tested during the experiment) was: Can Hooke’s theory of light and the currently accepted theory be verified? The key to Newton’s experiment was a glass prism. According to the book, Isaac Newton (written by Gale E. Christianson), glass prisms were believed to have displayed the phenomena of the scale of light and give proof that the scale of light went from a bright red (color closest to white) to a dull blue (color closest to black). It was also believed that all of these colors were modifications of true white. To test this theory, Newton bought a glass prism “to try therewith the celebrated phenomena of colors” (More, 389). Newton took his prism to his upstairs bedroom and made sure that the room was completely darkened. He then positioned the prism on a table and drilled a one-eighth inch hole into the window shutter so that the light would pass through the prism at a specific angle and was projected onto a wall ("Newton and the Colour of Light"). According to the accepted theory of light, should light pass through a glass prism at that angle, the colors of the spectrum of light should be projected in a perfect circle. However, Newton observed that the colors were arranged into a rectangular shape and the pattern was wider than was predicted. Newton concluded that each color refracted at a different angle as it passed
Waller, William H. The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide. Princeton, N.J: Princeton UP, 2013. 42+. Print.
Research News Planetary Scientists are Seeing the Unseeable Richard A. Kerr Science, New Series, Vol. 235, No. 2 -. 4784. The. Jan. 2, 1987, pp. 113-117. 29-31. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Stable URL:
2, Alter Dinsmore, Cleminshaw H. Clarence, Philips G John. Pictorial Astronomy. United States: Sidney Feinberg, 1963.
The extreme brightness of the O-type and B-type stars, coupled with the Earth’s atmosphere, has always made high-resolution imaging of the star-forming region difficult. But recent advances in adaptive optics and the repair of the Hubble Space Telescope have allowed for incredible detail into the center of the dust cloud. 3 The technological advances have also helped reveal several faint stars within the center of the nebula.
In 1704 Newton actually composed the book on the refraction of light. Jazzily titled "Opticks," the work changed the way we consider light and color. Researchers of the day realized that rainbows formed when the light was refracted and reflected in raindrops, however, they didn 't know why rainbows were so beautiful. At the point when Newton initially started his studies at Cambridge, the normal theory was that the water some way or another colored the sun 's beams distinctive colors. Utilizing a light and a crystal, Newton tested by running white light through a crystal to separate it into a rainbow of colors. The crystal trick was nothing new, The crystal trick was nothing new. By mirroring the scattered pillars into another crystal, however, Newton reformed them back into the white light, proving that the colors were a characteristic of the light
Tyler, Pat. Supernova. NASA’s Heasarc: Education and Public Information. 26 Jan. 2003. 22 Nov. 2004
One of the most influential scientist associated with the telescope has to be Galileo. He took the design and reinvented the telescope into one of the first refractive telescopes we use to this day.
The Hubble Telescope is the world’s first space-based optical telescope. The Hubble telescope received its name from American astronomer Dr. Edwin P. Hubble. Dr. Hubble confirmed an ever expanding universe which provided the basic foundation of the Big Bang theory. The first concept of the Hubble telescope came from Lyman Spitzer in 1946 who at that time was a professor and researcher at Yale University, Professor Spitzer believed that Earth’s atmosphere blurs and distorts light and a space orbited telescope would be able to surpass this problem. He spent nearly all of his life dedicated to making this concept into a reality. (http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/)
...zone, methane, and water (Space Telescope Science Institute Website). It will be able to reveal what drives star formation, and interactions between dark matter and galaxies (Space Telescope Science Institute Website). Also, the angular resolution will be 5-10 times better than the James Webb Space Telescope (Space Telescope Science Institute Website).
Refractor telescopes were first invented in 1608 by a man named Hans Lippershey. The refractor telescope was then adapted a number of times with the later version of the refractor telescope made by Johannes Kepler. This structure of Kepler’s refractor telescope is the base design of what most refractors telescopes today are made from.
Studying the Cepheid variables, using the then largest telescope the Mount Wilson telescope of 2.5 m aperture, Hubble estimated their distances of about 300 kpc and noted that they are too far to be inside the Galaxy. This led to the studies of extragalactic astronomy. Also, Hubble morphologically classified galaxies into spirals, ellipticals and irregulars (lenticular) and placed them in a certain order, which is known as Hubble tuning fork diagram (see Figure 1.1). Elliptical galaxies (E) appear smooth and structureless. They are relatively less active with very little or no gas.
The achromatic lens that first appeared in a 1733 telescope made by Chester Moore Hall, John Hadley's production of larger paraboloidal mirrors in 1721, the process of silvering glass mirrors introduced by Léon Foucault in 1857, and the adoption of long lasting aluminized coatings on reflector mirrors in 1932 evolved the telescopes to higher levels of performance and accuracy.