Nephrotic Syndrome The kidneys are organs that play an important role in the urinary system. At the site of the glomerulus, waste products and water filter into the proximal convoluted tubule and go through the urinary system. Blood and proteins are not able to bypass the filtration system. They go from the afferent arteriole, into the glomerulus and then leaving in the efferent arteriole (Figure 1). Some people have problems with their filtration system and develop nephrotic syndrome. This is when the kidney filter is damaged and allows numerous amounts of proteins to bypass into the proximal convoluted tube. This reduces the amount of proteins that are in the bloodstream. Proteins are used to keep fluid in the bloodstream. Without it, the fluid can leak out into the tissues and cause swelling which is also called edema (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The picture on the left is the patient
…show more content…
A urinalysis will indicate any increase in fatty, waxy casts. A blood serum test will show an increase in cholesterol and a decrease in albumin levels. The cause of Nephrotic syndrome can be from nephritis, diabetes, lupus, or any other diseases that damage the kidney’s filtration system. Every case is different and can be treated in a couple of ways, however, the diseases that caused the damage of the kidney filtration are incurable at this moment. A moderate-protein diet, vitamin supplementation, and salt restrictions may be recommended by a doctor. Symptoms my become worse if a person is eating high amounts of protein and salt, so lowering the amount of protein and salt in the diet can help. There are others who can get better on their own, but a few can develop symptoms that are even worse and it may lead to kidney failure. Taking diuretics can also help with the swelling and blood pressure medicines can help reduce the amount of protein in a person’s
The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
Kidneys play an important role in the unary tract. They are located on each side of the spine, just below the ribcage. Each kidney is connected to the bladder by ureters. The kidneys have many functions, but the most common functions are to clean waste, control chemicals, and regulate fluid in the body which makes up the urine. Urine collects in the kidney before entering the ureters and as time passes more materials are added. When calcium and oxalate or phosphates are combined in the kidney tiny stones are formed called nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones. These stones can be very painful and “increases risks for diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis” (Goldfarb, 2009). About ten percent of all people will have kidney stones in their lifetime. Kidney stones are most frequently found in white men over the age of forty, relatives of kidney stone patients, and people who have formerly had kidney stones.
Nephrolithiasis or kidney stone formation is a common form of renal disease characterized by crystal deposition in the renal medulla as a result of urinary supersaturation (Worcester and Coe 2009). It is the second most common kidney condition, and kidney stones affect approximately 6-12% of the United States population with the most affected subpopulation being Caucasian males. Nephrolithiasis is considered a systemic disorder that is associated with chronic kidney disease, an increased risk of coronary artery disease, bone loss and fractures, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Sakhaee et al. 2012).
The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, to ureters, urethra, and the urinary bladder. The urinary system works to remove waste from the body, maintain homeostasis of water, blood pressure, and regulate the body’s pH levels. The kidneys regulate several important internal conditions by excreting substances out into the body. After urine has been produced in the kidneys it is then transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder then holds the urine until the body is ready for excretion through the urethra.
The kidneys are bean shaped organs. They are a brownish-purplish sort of color. The outside of the kidneys are very tough, but smooth. This is described as a fibrous tunic. The outer part has millions of nephrons which are the basic unit of the kidney. The kidney is divided into two layers. The outer cortex and the medulla. When the outer cortex is stripped off you then get the medulla. The inside you have a thick mesh of muscular fibers. This is also smooth, and very even. It is very red in color, unlike the outside which is of brownish-purplish coloring. It is more red in color because it has tiny blood vessels. The kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen, on both sides of the vertebral column. An easier way to say that would be right below the ribs towards the middle of your back. The right kidney is usually lower in location than the left kidney because of where the liver is. Each kidney is about 11cm long, 6cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through a blood filtering unit called a nephron. There are more than 2 million nephrons in each kidney. The nephron is part of the homeostatic mechanism of your body. That mechanism maintains your water-salt balance, and it also regulates the amount of urea in your body. The blood enters the kidney through the bowmans capsule under pressure. This just surrounds the tuft of capillaries which is the glomerulus. The liquid just flows through the glomerulus under pressure. The pressure pushes the liquid out and keeps in the larger cells. This is filtration, because the glomerulus is taking the nutrients in and getting rid of the waste. After the filtering ...
The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra ("Urinary System", n.d.). These organs and tubes shape what is called the urinary tract, the body’s drainage system for removing urine from the kidneys, storing the urine, and then expelling it during urination ("Urinary System", n.d.). The first part of the urinary system is the kidneys. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdominal cavity against the back muscles ("Urinary System", n.d.). The kidneys are responsible for filtering the blood to remove waste and chemicals to produce urine ("Urinary System", n.d.). Blood is carried through the renal arteries to the kidneys where they are filtered by nephrons - tiny filtering units in both kidneys that remove harmful substances and waste from the blood (Durani, 2015). The toxins and waste sifted by these nephrons are blended with water to produce urine (Durani, 2015). On average, the kidneys will filter 120 to 150 quarts of blood a day to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine ("The Urinary Tract & How It Works", 2014). The next
This article is for people whose kidneys fail to work. This condition is called end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Blood is filtered in the glomerulus and then water and waste is passed out as urine. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004)
Kidneys are filter organs present in vertebrates which help in removing water soluble wastes from the blood. A normal human body possesses two kidneys which are bean shaped and weigh around 150 grams each. Kidneys function as the waste disposal system of our body. Every day kidneys are processing around 200 litres of filtrate while absorbing large amount of it and producing around 1 to 2 litres of waste. Kidneys allow reabsorption of molecules from this filtrate into the blood. Thereafter these molecules are transferred to urinary bladder and then expelled from the body as urine. Kidneys are also producing hormones like erythropoietin, vitamin D and enzyme renin. Kidneys perform homeostatic functions which includes regulating
Papillary necrosis is defined as a disorder of the kidneys when a part or all of the papillary (area where the opening of the collecting ducts enter the kidney and where urine flows into the ureters) dies. The most common cause of papillary necrosis is the overexposure and use of pain medications (Ruggenenti, Cravedi, Remuzzi 2012). Interstitial nephritis is the condition where there is swelling occurring in between the kidney tubules (Jovinelly 2014). The most prevalent cause of interstitial nephritis is the result of a allergic reaction. Most cases are from allergic reactions to drugs ranging from antibiotics to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to even proton pump inhibitors. More than 100 different medications can cause interstitial nephritis (Jovinelly
Kidney Function Introduction and definition of terms: The kidneys are the main organs in the urinary system. They filter waste products out of blood from the renal artery. These are then excreted. Useful solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. They also have a major homeostatic role in the body, and help to control the water content (osmoregulation) and pH of the blood.
The number of people in the United States with kidney stones has dramatically increased over the past 30 years. Renal calculus, also known as kidney stones, has been around for a very long time. Scientists have found evidence of them in a 7,000 year old mummy in Egypt. Lithotomy, which is the surgical removal of the stones, is one of the earliest known medical procedures. In my opinion, renal calculus is a great concern and it is very important that everyone be educated about them.
From the results of the numerous tests carried out according to the patient history of frothy urine with a significant oedema over a maximum period of 5 days, the patient was diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome. This is condition that occurs due to leakage in the kidney filtration part leading to a large amount of protein leaking from the blood into the urine. This is mainly due to fluid retention known as oedema which is as a result of low protein level in the blood. It occurs due to abnormal functioning or a part of the kidney is affected (glomeruli). This syndrome can be caused by numerous diseases coming together to cause or form one particular disease; these causes range from minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other conditions, disorders of the glomeruli. The membranous nephropathy also known as the membranous nephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis, only causes diseases in adults and very uncommon in children. Leakage occurs from this due to the thickening of the membranous in the glomeruli which is the filter of the glomeruli. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a causative due to the formation of small scars (sclerosis) on some of the kidney glomeruli. Another form of cause of nephrotic is minimal change which is due to lack of virtual change detected in the glomeruli when examined under the microscope. This causes the syndrome in 9 out of a total of 10 children under the age of 5 years.
Customer reported that he has been diagnosed with a stage 4 renal failure. Customer is receiving medical care and has been recommended to have a kidney transplant. Customer reported that he has found a person that wants to help him, but does not have the economic support.
Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasis and control of all the metabolic functions which can indirectly cause other problems to the body.... ... middle of paper ... ...