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Percocet: Urinary System Percocet is a prescription drug made up of two different components; acetaminophen (pain reliever and fever reducer) and oxycodone (an opioid that binds to opioid receptors to produce morphine like effects). The initial use of percocet results in an euphoric sensation for the user. The drug causes the brain to receive a different signal about the pain and therefore will release dopamine to the body (“How Long Does Percocet Stay in your System?”). When percocet is prescribed in higher doses, the chances of addiction increases. The more frequent a patient takes percocet, the effect on the liver and kidney functions increases as well. It may result in a longer time for the drug to be fully excreted from the body (“Percocet Half-Life: How Long Does it Stay in Your System”). Once a patient becomes addicted to percocet, medical treatment may be needed in order to help the user withdraw from using the drug.
Percocet can be tested in patients in various ways such as urine, blood, and saliva tests. Urine sample tests
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Papillary necrosis is defined as a disorder of the kidneys when a part or all of the papillary (area where the opening of the collecting ducts enter the kidney and where urine flows into the ureters) dies. The most common cause of papillary necrosis is the overexposure and use of pain medications (Ruggenenti, Cravedi, Remuzzi 2012). Interstitial nephritis is the condition where there is swelling occurring in between the kidney tubules (Jovinelly 2014). The most prevalent cause of interstitial nephritis is the result of a allergic reaction. Most cases are from allergic reactions to drugs ranging from antibiotics to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to even proton pump inhibitors. More than 100 different medications can cause interstitial nephritis (Jovinelly
Painkillers have been used for many years, and they have been beneficial to many. But one that recently took the market has been the topic of many controversial discussions. Oxycodone has always been used in modern medicine but in small amounts. OxyContin contained a higher amount of oxycodone than most opiate based pain killers, the weakest dose of OxyContin had double the amount found in said painkillers (Meier 12). This lead to the spread of abuse and addiction towards the drug. And a medicine made to do nothing but help became the subject of overdose and death. The creation of OxyContin was a triumph for modern medicine and a halo of light to people with chronic pains, but this drug now seems to carry a trail of addiction and abuse along with it.
Opioids work by attaching to specific proteins called opioid receptors which are located on nerve cells in the body. When the drug attaches to the receptors it reduces the perception of pain, but it can also cause drowsiness, altered mental status, and nausea. Misuse and addiction to opioids are very common. According to the CDC 1,000 people annually are seen in the Emergency Department for treatment regarding misuse of prescribed opioids. Addiction occurs in older adults aged forty years and older more frequently than adults aged twenty to
Substance addiction is becoming an epidemic. While some people can quit using a substance without any help, most people need help to their recovery. Narcotics anonymous is an important support group for our society. There are many different narcotic anonymous programs to join that have meetings throughout the week. The members of the support group all share one thing in common, they suffer from different types of chemical dependency. Members help each other because they have the same problems and worries that everyone in the room has. Though they may be struggling with different stages in their life, for the most part, they all relate to what each is going through. Just as AA, NA focuses on the 12-step program. The members of
Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives. The chemical designation is 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one. Risperidone is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia,bipolar disorder, irritability associated with autistic disorder). This medication can help you to think clearly and take part in everyday life. Risperidone is rapidly and well absorbed after oral administration and has high bioavailability.Metabolism is catalyzed by the liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) system, particularly by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.9-OHrisperidone has a similar pharmacologic profile and potency as risperidone11;
United States Renal Data System (USRDS). (2008). Annual data report: Incidence and prevalence. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V2-02-2008.pdf
Prescription drugs do not always cause addiction, but a specific group of prescription narcotics can increase dependency on the medication and cause a severe addiction. For many people that become addicted to prescribed medicines, it changes their life forever. Prescription drugs are equally as dangerous as street drugs, if not more so. High powered pain relievers are safe if taken properly, but some people pop multiples a day which can cause coma and even death.
...nton, 2010)Most metabolites produced by opioids are inactive or less active than the parent compounds and do not have clinically relevant pharmacological actions, other opioids such as codeine have metabolites (e.g. morphine) that are at least as potent as the parent drug and may produce analgesic effects as well as adverse effects. Most opioid metabolites are eventually filtered from the blood via glomerular filtration by the kidneys and excreted through the urine. Detection of these metabolites in the urine serves as the basis for most drug screening tests. Patients with renal failure and other kidney problems may have poor excretion of opioids and other waste products. In addition to renal excretion, glucuronide metabolites may be excreted via the biliary secretion. Bile flows from the bile duct in the liver to the intestine and then excretion through the stool.
From the results of the numerous tests carried out according to the patient history of frothy urine with a significant oedema over a maximum period of 5 days, the patient was diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome. This is condition that occurs due to leakage in the kidney filtration part leading to a large amount of protein leaking from the blood into the urine. This is mainly due to fluid retention known as oedema which is as a result of low protein level in the blood. It occurs due to abnormal functioning or a part of the kidney is affected (glomeruli). This syndrome can be caused by numerous diseases coming together to cause or form one particular disease; these causes range from minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other conditions, disorders of the glomeruli. The membranous nephropathy also known as the membranous nephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis, only causes diseases in adults and very uncommon in children. Leakage occurs from this due to the thickening of the membranous in the glomeruli which is the filter of the glomeruli. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a causative due to the formation of small scars (sclerosis) on some of the kidney glomeruli. Another form of cause of nephrotic is minimal change which is due to lack of virtual change detected in the glomeruli when examined under the microscope. This causes the syndrome in 9 out of a total of 10 children under the age of 5 years.
A blood sample is required for this test. It is usually collected by inserting a needle into a blood vessel.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified prescription drug abuse (PDA) as the nation's fastest-rising drug issue and an epidemic (White House, ND). Prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, for the experience or feelings elicited from the medication or not using the drug as prescribed (National institute on drug abuse (NIDA), 2014). Three classes of medications frequently abused include opioids, depressants, and stimulants (NIDA, 2014).
Pharmacology is a vital component in the perioperative practice. Medication use is monitored closely during the perioperative period. Preoperatively, there are certain drugs that must be discontinued prior to a surgery as they increase surgical risk, including anticoagulants, tranquillisers, corticosteroids and diuretics (Laws, 2010b). In fact, these drugs can increase the risk of respiratory depression, infection, fluid and electrolyte imbalance and increased risk of bleeding (Hamlin, 2010). Open communication is important in obtaining a medication history, and in identifying the drugs taken prior to the surgery. If any of these medications has be...
Addiction is something that is brushed under the table and not a topic for the majority of people in the United states. While in fact it needs to be discussed when it causes 444,000 deaths every year (Gurung, 2016). That is a very large problem that needs to be discussed and ultimately addressed with a plan of action. Addiction to drugs is very difficult thing to deal with and realize for the user and one common form of addiction comes from prescription drugs (Caldwell, 2013). One of these specific drugs in Vicodin which contains the drug hydrocodone. Vicodin mixes hydrocodone with acetaminophen and serves as a pain killer (Caldwell, 2013). This study will focus on the purposes of using this drug, the influences it has, health implications, and intervention techniques.
There are many different type of prescription drugs that are given to us by doctors for many different reasons. You may get septa for a mouth infection, penicillin for a throat infection or many other different kinds. However some people do not realize just how addictive some of these drugs can be, for example if you are described Xanax for the purpose to calm anxiety you may be taking it for longer than you had wanted. The medication works by interacting with a receptor in the brain that in turn increases inhibitory brain activity, thus tempering any problematic excitement related to anxiety. As a fast-acting drug, the majority of the benefits are established within an hour after use, with the total duration of effect being at least 6 hours.
Drug testing kits are used to identify people who are abusing illegal drugs. These kits are easy to use and very cost-effective. Many people purchase the kits for their own personal use at home. The kits are very popular and can be used on just about anyone regardless of age or gender. There are several different types of drug testing kits available on the market.
The three most common are the urine, hairline, and saliva drug tests. According to the article “All you need to know about school drug testing” a urine drug test “can detect drug metabolites above the federal cut off level of 50 nanograms/milliliter (ng/mL). Positive results are subject to a confirmatory test known as gas chromatography or mass spectroscopy (GC/MS)”. In a hairline drug test it can determine a drug history of a ninety day period. Lastly, the saliva drug test can detect up to six types of drugs fast and accurately.