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Biological predisposition to crime
Genetics and criminality
Criminal behavior biologically determined
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There has been an intensifying concern about how nature and nurture can influence behavior and could provide clues to the heritability of committing crimes. The concern about violence and crime can originate from abuse mentally or physically, drug usage, homicide, or sexual actions. These behavioral problems can lead to an antisocial behavior, drug use in the child, higher rates of crime, gang affiliations, sexual activity, and a general rick to not only the child but also the member of society. Many researchers want to grasp an understanding of this particular behavior and how it can be treated and prevented in the future. Different behaviors included are antisocial, rule-breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior. Behavioral studies show that behavioral genetics or an individual’s development can be …show more content…
influenced by nature and nurture. Focusing on the nature side of the spectrum, we can define nature as being pre-existing or current knowledge which can be influenced by genetic inheritance and biological factors.
Early studies show that heredity plays a huge role in identifying inherited genetics and criminal behavior. Another leading factor of behavioral issues includes the environment. The nature of a child can be determined how they are being treated at home. Researchers have found that parents who believe in the nature of abusing, neglecting, and mistreating their children will end up causing a higher chance of criminal activity later in life. Pre-existing factors such as toxic environment, hormones, and genes can all affect the rate of criminal activity later in life. While genes do not directly cause behavior, they indirectly produce different qualities and inclinations which lead to diverse responses to their environments. Environmental factors can lead to criminal behavior such as a low economic status between the family could lead to robberies or other factors to gain money. Lastly, hormones can influence a child’s decision-making process between what is moral and what is
immoral. On the other hand, nurture can be defined as anything learned through experiences. Learning experiences can influence an individual’s behavior by expressing norms, values, and attitudes. Individuals who interact with others involved in or have been involved in criminal activity are more likely to engage in criminal behavior. Most criminal behavior is learned through socialization and societal collaboration. Societies values and norms conform behavior for example, an individual may believe its bad to steal or kill, but could have no issue with doing illegal drugs. That is an example of how attitudes and beliefs can play a role in criminal behavior. Reward and punishments also plays a part in committing or not committing unfavorable behaviors. The probability of someone committing a crime could depend on the balance of the reward and punishment system. For example, if the reward weighs out the punishment then the crime will be committed. Lastly, the nurture of behavior can be influenced by the experiences and observations or the world around us. In conclusion, nature versus nurture influences the heritability of committing crimes. While nature includes aspects of previous knowledge, nurture focuses on experiences and observations. Nature includes environment, hormones, and genes, while nurture deals with social norms, values/ beliefs, and attitudes of those being observed. Overall, the constant debate over whether or not nature versus nurture plays a role in behavioral genetics in children is still a mystery.
Nature vs. nurture has been one of the oldest and most debated topics among psychologists over the years. This concept discusses whether a child is born into this world with their developmental work cut out for them or if a child is a “blank slate” and their experiences are what shape them into who they are. Over the years and plenty of research, psychologists have all mostly come to agree that it’s a little bit of both. Children are both born with some genetic predispositions while other aspects of the child’s development are strongly influenced by their surrounding environment. This plays into the criminal justice system when discussing where criminal behavior stems from. Is a criminal’s anti-social behavior just part of their DNA or is it a result of their upbringing? The answer to this question is not definite. Looking at research a strong argument can be made that criminals developed their anti-social patterns through the atmosphere in which they were raise, not their DNA.
How does one person develop into the human that he or she is? Do his or her characteristics depend on the qualities he or she was born with? Or does his or her upbringing mold them into the person he or she becomes? The debate between nature and nurture is one that can be difficult to conclude and thus has been argued for centuries. Sheri S. Tepper explores this issue in her acclaimed novel The Gate to Women’s Country. The narrator of the work, Stavia, lives in a woman-dominated, post-apocalyptic country, where the women’s goal is to breed out the violent and murderous qualities that men are believed to possess. These women have an preconceived ideal people who are “CAPABLE of violence and ruthlessness, but very much in control of their tempers
In a study conducted in 1983, researchers studied more than 350 pairs of twins in order to research if human personality traits were largely inherited or learned. Daniel Goleman, author of “Major Personality Study Finds that Traits are Mostly Inherited,” shares with his audience the parameters and results of this elaborate twin study. Goleman introduces his reader to Auke Tellegen, a psychologist and principal researcher on the long-term study, performed at the University of Minnesota, discovered that the human traits most strongly determined by heredity were leadership, obedience to authority, and even traditionalism. He would surely argue that heredity, more than influence of experience, is more responsible for development in human traits. Tellegen may have substantiating facts that nature is more predominant in a mere handful of traits, but what about the several other traits he failed to test? It is possible for a person who shows leadership and obedience during one part of their life to have an experience in which their obedience and leadership is thwarted. The study Tellegen conducted could not have been without environmental influence. Every single one of the participants, whether a twin or not, had environmental experiences separate from the others. Since every person experiences and responds to environmental stimuli differently, how can several prior years of experience be measured in order to present an unbiased result in this study? Unquestionably, it is impossible. Just as this particular study failed to take into consideration a persons’ prior experiences, it also failed to consider the probability of future environmental factors that could affect the traits Tellegen focused on in his study. Although difficu...
The quote from the famous psychologist John B. Watson essentially sums up behaviourism. Behaviourism refers to the school of psychology founded by Watson, established on the fact that behaviours can be measured and observed (Watson, 1993). In behaviourism, there is a strong emphasis that the acquisition of learning, or permanent change in behaviour, is by external manifestation. Thus, any individual differences in behaviours observed was more likely due to experiences, and not by the working of genes. As the quote suggest, any individuals can be potentially trained to perform any tasks through the right conditioning. There are two major types of conditioning, classical and operant conditioning (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2012).
When the social, educational, financial and health needs of a person are not satisfied through the family then they may be inclined towards criminal activities. There are some other family related factors that affect the behavior of children and they might go for criminal activities. Some of these factors include adaptation of bad parenting practices and styles, neglecting the child, child abuse and trend of criminal behavior in the family which is then learned by the child. It also includes a family history with mental illness, teenage pregnancy, substance use, school dropout and interpersonal conflicts among the family members (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007).
Within the past decade there has been a wide range of research and evidence available based on both sides of the nature or nurture debate. Along with further research that identifies a number of determinants that have some form of influence towards criminal behavior and activity. This researc...
Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2012). Unraveling the effect of genes and environment in the transmission of parental antisocial behavior to children's conduct disturbance, depression and hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(6), 668-677. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02494.x
Undoubtedly, humans are unique and intricate creatures and their development is a complex process. It is this process that leads people to question, is a child’s development influenced by genetics or their environment? This long debate has been at the forefront of psychology for countless decades now and is better known as “Nature versus Nurture”. The continuous controversy over whether or not children develop their psychological attributes based on genetics (nature) or the way in which they have been raised (nurture) has occupied the minds of psychologists for years. Through thorough reading of experiments, studies, and discussions however, it is easy to be convinced that nurture does play a far more important in the development of a human than nature.
However, in recent findings, nurture has arisen and has begun the controversy of nature vs. nurture. Nurture focuses solely on an idea, or possibility. The way to prove this idea is through the background of criminal offenders. However, it will closely relate to the fact that majority of criminals have a personality disorder. The first idea of nurture is the sociological side. Criminology (2016) sees this as what was learned in the early life, the contact one has had with criminals, the failure to form strong emotional bonds, and juvenile delinquency. It is family environment that will greatly affect the likelihood of criminal behavior forming. Some of the risks that are included in risk factors for criminal behavior are poverty, education,
Both environmental and genetic factors have been questioned. Genetic factors have been suspected since the incidence of antisocial behaviour is higher in people with an antisocial biological parent. The environment is also contributes to the factor of antisocial behaviour. Studies have shown that a person whose role model had antisocial behaviour, is more than likely to develop the same behavour. According to Psychology Today (2017) Approximately 3 percent of men and one percent of women have antisocial personality disorder. A much higher percentage exist among the prison population.
It is a fact that criminals have a smaller brains than law abiding citizens. Often, offenders share particular physical traits such as, being young males, muscular, having lower than average IQ, and a impulsive personality. Serial offenders are usually hyperactive and difficult children If a person has a low IQ, it is proven to be directly related to their tendency to be commit impulse actions that provide an immediate payoff. For instance, a rape or a mugging would provide a criminal with an immediate payoff. It is proven that crime often runs in families. In fact, chronic criminals are proven to be three times more likely to have criminal children. However, despite this information, scientists have no basis to come to any conclusions with this data. Therefore, one must consider other possible factors that may create a criminal mind, to come to a reasonable decision as to how one is developed.
The Effects of Nature and Nurture on Shaping of Behavior The nature/nurture investigation has been studied for many years by psychologists and it is a subject that is still in debate today. It brings up the question, how is our behaviour shaped, and the two sides of the answer are nature and nurture. Behaviour in the context of a human being can be described as; the way humans act and think in situations. What is meant by nature and nurture?
Developmental Psychology is an area which studies how we as humans change over the period of our life span. The majority of the focus is broken into three categories: cognitive, physical and social change. The creation of who we are today comes down to the everlasting debate of nature versus nurture. This ongoing debate of what makes us who we are and which one is the driving force in development may be so simple that it’s complex. Rather than it being a conflict of nature “versus” nurture, it is very well possible both play an equal part in the development of us as humans. In the beginning, we start off as single cell in the form of a zygote. In that moment, where the DNA begin to form and the first seconds of life take place, the zygote is already experiencing interaction with the womb. In the process of determining why we are who are it is better to look more at the interactions of nature and nurture, analyzing how both have shaped us.
These theories represent part of the classic psychological debate, nature versus nurture. Are individuals predisposed to becoming a criminal or are they made through their environment. There are various theories within the biological explanation as to why individuals commit criminal behaviour, these include: genetic theory, hereditary theory, psychosis and brain injury theory. In the next few paragraphs examples of each will be shown. The first theory to be explored is the hereditary theory, which stems from Cesare Lombroso (1876) father of criminology, (Feldman, 1993) whose studies were carried out by morphology.
The distinction between nature versus nurture or even environment versus heredity leads to the question of: does the direct environment or the nature surrounding an adolescent directly influence acts of delinquency, later progressing further into more radical crimes such as murder or psychotic manifestation, or is it directly linked to the hereditary traits and genes passed down from that individual adolescent’s biological parents? To answer this question one must first understand the difference between nature, nurture, environment, and heredity. Nurture, broken down further into environment, is defined as various external or environmental factors one is exposed to which can be more specifically broken down into social and physical aspects. Nature, itself broken down into heredity, is defined as the genetics and the individual characteristics in one’s personality or even human nature.