Science that deals with study of materials or any particles that is so small and measured in nanometer scale is called “Nanoscience”. Study about very small particles and its chemical and physical changes at nanoscale is not an easy business. Nanotechnology studies the big picture of those small particles, manipulates them to advance new devices and materials. The name “nanotechnology” was created in year 1974 (Nowack & Bucheli, 2007). But the concept of manipulating Nano particles has been around for centuries mainly in crafting examples are 4th century Lycurgus cup, 13th-18th centuries Damascus saber blades and etc., (Miller et al.,2013). Introduction of nanotechnology was to attain multiple benefits to society in many areas like energy production and conservation, pollution clean-up and medicine. The danger that tags along with this benefiting science does need to be understood before their usage becomes prevalent. Environmental scientists who are concerned about health of organisms and hazard to environment are researching and accessing about toxicity, distribution and fate of the nanoparticles that is released into the environment.
Properties of nanoparticles can impact the environment in a negative way. The surface effects of nanoparticles are both favourable and unfavourable. When they are exposed to tissues or cell of the body they get adsorbed on to their surface, thus they are highly used in medicine field for drug delivery use (Nowack & Bucheli, 2007). By crossing cell membrane or entering the blood stream, the nanoparticles may target other organs. Other important property is high solubility which is advantageous and reduces its toxicity but there are certain nanoparticles which do not dissolve that readily or degrade...
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...ssay-dependent phytotoxiicty of nanoparticels. Environ. Sci. Technol, 43(24), 9473-9479. doi: 10.1021/es901695c
Titley-O'Neal, C. P., Macdonald, B. A., Pelletier, E., Saint-Louis, R., & Phillip, O. S.
(2011). The relationship between imposex and tributyltin (tbt) concentration in strombus gigas from the british virgin islands.Bulletin of marine science, 87(3), 421-435. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2010.1093
Wang, F., Gao, F., Lan, M., Yuan, H., Huang, Y., & Liu, J. (2009). Oxidative stress contributes to silica nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells. Toxicology in vitro, 23, 808-815. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.04.009
Xu, F., Piett, C., Farkas, S., Qazzaz, M., & Syed, N. I. (2013). Silver nanoparticles
(agnps) cause degeneration of cytoskeleton and disrupt synaptic machinery of cultured cortical neurons. Molecular Brain, 6(29), 1-15.
...ces in any of the blood variables measured nor in body weight or organ weight over the three different time periods. This finding led Anderson et. al. to conclude that chromium picolinate is not toxic at levels on a per kilogram basis even at several times the upper limit of estimated safe intake for humans (Anderson 273-9). On the other hand, a more recent study conducted by Speetjens et. al. in 1999 showed the chromium picolinate cleaves DNA. Chromium picolinate, if it is incorporated directly into a cell, is reduced by ascorbate and thiols into a hydroxyl radical that quite readily cleaves DNA – indicating that further research on the dangerous side effects of chromium picolinate are necessary to ensure its safe usage (Speetjens 483-7). Once again, it is evident that Stimulife 750 is not as harmless as it purports to be based on its ingredients.
Colloidal silver is particles of silver broken down or mixed into liquid. In the early 20th, ,century colloidal silver or as it is more popularly known “silver water” was marketed as a cure for tumors; now in alternative medicine it is referenced as a cure all with healing properties.
...e materials at the nanoscale might include new form of nanobase toxicity. The individuals working with large quantity of nanomaterials need to take appropriate measures to avoid inhalation and ingestion. However, scientists have found silicon o be good for the construction of nanorobots because of its unique properties; durability, flexibility and conductivity. However, silicon cannot dissolve in body fluids. In addition, in medical applications biodegradability is going to be challenge due to the foreign particles inside the body and controlled mobility.
Lovgren, Stefan. Can Art Make Nanotechnology Easier t Understand? 23 December 2003. Web. 3 May 2014. .
AGEs alter the mechanical properties of cells and tissues by crosslinking intracellular and extracellular proteins. They also bind to cell surface receptors called receptor for AGEs (RAGE), thus interrupting various cellular processes. Through laboratory experiments, scientists have shown that glycation of mitochondrial proteins, lipids and DNA may induce mitochondrial dysfunction due to a decrease in ATP production and increased free radical formation. The mitochondria are specialized...
7) Langui, D., Probst, A., Anderton, B. Aluminum Induced Tangles in Cultured Rat Neurons. Acta Neuropathol., 80: 649-55 (1990).
Neurodegeneration is used mainly for diseases that are characterised by progressive loss of structure and function of neurons. There are many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that...
It is not surprised that one of the common progressive motor neuronal disease, ALS, is also genetically connected to the mutations of degradation machineries with varied etiology. Even the majority of ALS is sporadic, two of familial ALS is mainly associated with simple monogenic factors, the mutation of SOD (D90A) and a large hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72). However, growing evidence of genetic mutations in proteostasis factors discovered in familial ALS such as, UBQLN2, VCP/CDC48 in the UPS and SQSTM1/p62, VAPB and some of the vesicular traffic proteins in autophagy have been suggesting a fragile capacity of proteostasis in vulnerable neurons (Bedford et al., 2008; Deng et al., 2011; Paine et al., 2013; Johnson et al., 2010).
Reporters Lauren Gilger and Marie Tomasch from ABC15 news wanted to know what was in the vapor of e-cigarettes. “‘There is quite a bit of tin’. Said Dr. Prue Talbot. ‘Also some oxygen, some copper and some nickel,’” (Gilger). Dr. Talbot and her team at The University of California, Riverside are one of the first in the country to analyze the vapor in e-cigarettes. “Nanoparticles in general can be toxic,” said Dr. Talbot. “In this case of e-cigarettes, the nanoparticles would tend to go deeper into the repertory system.” This was just one of the e-cigarettes the doctors tested. “These particles are so very small they go from your lungs straight into your blood stream, and carry the toxic chemicals into your blood, and then appear in various organs,” said Dr. Glantz a professor at University of California in San Francisco. “The second brand we had the lab test, Mistic, had no tin in the vapor. But, the lab found concentrations of copper,” (Gilger). None of the partials are healthy in the form that they are being taken it.
Another study proposed that CR slowed aging process by increasing resistance to hyperoxidation. As aging progressed in yeast and other animals, the presence of free radicals increased in the cells. Usually, the levels of the...
Propylene glycol is also the main constituent in a mainstream of nicotine-infused electronic cigarette solutions. At extreme heats, propylene glycol transforms into deadly nanoparticles that can cause disaster on respiratory organs.
Nanoparticles are so small in size that they can enter cells and organelles to interact with DNA, proteins, enzymes while circulating throughout the body. Therefore, nanotechnology is used in detecting disease in a very small volume of cells or tissue [1].As mention above; commonly used nanoparticles are such as, gold nanoparticle, silver nanoparticle, quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticle. Gold nanoparticles have unique stability against oxidation which makes it useful in diagnostic. Its benefits such as much reduced or no toxicity, much better contrast agents for imaging, and surfaced-enhanced and distance- and refractive index dependent spectroscopic properties compare to other nanoparticles, makes it the best choice of selection for enabling early diseases detection [2,3].
Nano-technology is a revolution in almost all disciplines of life today. Nanotechnology approaches the manipulation of matter at atomic and molecular level. This technology, which deals with matter in nano-dimensions, has widened our views of poorly understood health issues and provided novel means of diagnosis and treatment. Dentistry, not being an exception, also faces major revolutions to constantly provide better and more comfortable dental care to patients. Researchers in the field of dentistry have explored the potential of nano-particles in existing therapeutic modalities with moderate success. The important application in the field of dentistry
Aseev, A. L. (2008). Nanotechnologies: Yesterday, today, tomorrow. (Cover Story). Science First Hand, 21(3), 12-29.
Nanotechnology is science, technology and engineering that is conducted at the nanoscale. The nanoscale is about 1 to 100 nanometres.