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Explain theories of personality
Personality theories chapter 11
Theories of Personality Quizlet
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Individuals can range variously on any characteristic measures whether judging on positive or aggressive traits. In regards to my grandmother, one open characteristic she has had for decades is her risk avoidant ideals and behavior. While the reasons for why she is this way are endlessly theorized, there are some strong personality perspectives that can help reason her characteristic. Using considerate detail, this paper will analyze and percept on my grandmother, Jean, from the personality perspectives of social and cultural influences, behaviorism, and biology. Beginning with the biological personality perspective, hormonal and genetic concepts can easily reason with her way of being non-risky. The biological perspective could begin to reason …show more content…
with gender difference perspectives in that just because she is a woman she has a less aggressive need for risky behavior due to less testosterone. Similarly, other risk influencing hormones are adrenaline and cortisol. Cortisol, associated with stress, could either be sufficiently high or low and explain why she does not partake in risky behavior. For example, anytime she has somewhere to be she always left early to ensure security in case of traffic confliction or anything; she likes to drive smooth, slow, with minimal changes or distractions. Continuing with that driving example, I mean common distractions like music and discussion. Thus, her cortisol could be so high meaning she is extremely stressed making her drive extra careful, or it could be sufficiently low in that she is not stressed at all, and just naturally drives carefully. Considering the adrenaline hormone, it could be very low, and that is why she is always easily content, and has gentle ways of action and behavior. All in all, the stability of her hormones can be a big decisive factor in her non risky behavior. Furthermore, connecting with biological concepts her temperament would be classified under cautious and social norm compliant. Not only is this shown in the manner of how she lives her everyday life, but it is also proven in the measurement of the temperament dimensions. For example, she is always careful and wanting to be safe. She even quoted that she finds meaning in life by, “doing what’s right”. Thus, she is very cautious and socially compliant to norms. Regarding the four dimensions, her activity level is low in that she easily content with simplicity, she has very unreactive emotionality in that she is always calm and collected, she has a good progressive social level, and lastly she has significantly low impulsivity. Just like the apparent peaceful-increasing hormones, her risk avoidant behavior strongly links with the biological aspects of the cautious social norm compliant dimension of temperament. All in all, she has many liable biological influences for her non risky behavior. Contrasting reasonings that are based on the science of the body and mind, the most environmentally relative perspective to Jean's risk avoidance is the cultural and social connections.
When asked the question of why she never takes risks, and why she wants to be 100% safe she gave the simple socially experienced answer of "because that's how I was raised". Going over her background, she talked about how there wasn't really even any risks to take. Thus, not only was she culturally raised during more settling times, but she wasn't socially exposed to anything wild or risky. For example, the most risky situation she ever experienced (that is also most closely relatable to the behavioral perspective because of it being the only significant learning experience from her taking a risk) was when she skipped school once with a friend of which her uncle caught her, but then decided to tell her parents on her instead of confronting her. Then, when her dad asked her about school, and she lied, she said she got a deadly backside beating. Skipping school causing the bad parental confrontation was her most risky experience. Other than this confrontational experience, she claimed to have no others that were significant "learning experiences". Thus, I could only identify this one strongly influencing behavioral experience because she confirmed no consistent, or ratio, forms of reinforcement for her good
behavior.. To continue with the basis of the behavioral perspective, the only expected conditioning she experienced was punishment for ANY bad behavior. She said her parents didn't let her get away with anything. They weren't even allowed to talk during dinner at the table; let alone take any chances of risk that they were against or would consider disrespectful. Thoroughly, she was raised in a very strict manner that was "considered normal and respectable" back then. In consideration of free will, the behaviorism perspective would further connect saying her non risky behavior was completely embedded into her; she is a lab rat who learned to never stray about. In final regards to the behaviorism perspective, the consistent punishment alone could be the behavioral conditioning explanation for her lack of risk, but either way the perspective links to many plausible reasonings. Referring back to the social and cultural focus, she was born in financial trauma with the great depression and family financial instability. That historical event alone could have impacted her secure methodology for living. Furthermore, she was low class. Even though claims she wasn't introduced to anything wild involving risk she could have experienced lower class uncomfort, in a risky-feeling way, to the point where it made her just want to ensure comfortable security in her future; not the extravagant life comfort that usually does involve risk. Otherwise, maybe since she was naturally raised non risky, she simply adapted to non risky behavior. Regardless, the cultural and social surroundings of her time had to enforce her non risky behavior. Lastly, even though she did grow up during war time, being a woman led her the ability to live a normal life in America, which on the average civilian level had little to no risk at all. Connecting to the social focusing perspective, her statements of little risk opportunity alone link her personality to the comforted security of livelihood. Socially, she was raised in the average area, and she always made friends with similar individuals like her. She talked about how there wasn’t much to do, and how they didn’t feel the need to find something more wild to do. Thus, not only was she barely introduced to risky situations often enough to willingly partake in risky exposure, but the cultural and social norms throughout life did not direct her towards encouraging risky behavior. When adding up her family background, her lack of risky exposure opportunity, the norms of society, and the American culture of her time, it can easily be argued that her ways of risk avoidance can be socially and culturally reasoned. In relations to all perspectives, however, I would most likely reason significantly with the integrative biopsychosocial theory for the simple fact that it looks at personality development from a full perspective; it’s open to all theories. No matter what characteristic one focuses on in another, there can be a million influencing factors. Whether aggression or anxiety, an individual's trait can be reasoned with on multiple levels. Furthermore, each reasoning factor can connect and be a piece of the puzzle. For example, my grandmother might be risk avoidant because of her family background, how she was raised, what she was culturally and socially introduced to as well as maybe more simply because of her hormonal balances. What’s more plausible is this fact that all of those reasons most significantly worked together to build her into the non risky individual she became. In finalization, her risk avoidant behavior was somehow manifested. Whether the reasons connect to the science-like perspectives of cognitive and/or biological factors or the environmental focusing factors, they are all shared factors that formed her developmental need for security. This need has helped her lived long, stay healthy, and feel great with pride about how she lived her life; involving no risky business at all.
Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” Personality is characterized by many dimensions of a person’s overall being. The belief that personality stems from one origin is small minded and on many levels, unsupported. If the scope of personality is expanded, it suggests that there is not a single explanation determining a person’s personality and how it is formed. Personality Theories have been generated for centuries by individuals who desire to identify what distinguishes a person’s personality and how it affects their behaviors. What is it that comprises all the unique characteristics about a person?
The trait theory prevailed until the forties, passing these characteristics to be studied within a universalistic perspective....
There are many things that can alter the personality of an individual; some of these are voluntarily inflicted, while others are uncontrollable. Among the uncontrollable altercations, birth order is perhaps the largest influence on a person's disposition. Personality is influenced by the "place" a person has in their family as well as the family situation. It is important whether an individual is an only child, first born, second born, third born, a boy among girls, or a girl among boys, and so on.
In today’s culture psychologist, sociologist, and scientist investigate several types of personalities. Personality is the pattern of behavior, though process, emotions, and reactions to the people that surround us on daily basis. Several test have been developed for testing personalities. Some test can be simple and short while others lengthy and complicated. Scholars demonstrated knowledge about personalities looking back many thousands of years. The Greeks published a well documented history in profiling people according to personality traits. Two interesting character personalities are conformist type personality and manipulative type personality.
A layman would define personality as an individual’s characteristics in terms of how they think and behave. Many theorists, however, interprets personality differently resulting in various personality theories. Personality is determined by traits which are behaviours displayed by a person in most given situations. How a person reacts to common circumstances may also be used to foresee future behaviours. Traits are then categorized into types that allow easier comparisons to be made between each individual’s attributes. The focus of this paper would be on the biological aspects of personality whereby traits are thought to be inheritable through genetics and associated with the central nervous system. Behavioural genetics are research that makes use of results from studies done on family, twins and adoptions. The findings of how both genes and environment influences personality from the studies will be discussed. Some researchers found possible issues with the representativeness of such studies. The outline of Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal, Gray’s BAS/BIS theory and Cloninger’s biological model of personality will further explain the biological effect on personality.
Famous psychological theorists Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers were both the greatest researchers in our modern time. They both made a lot of advancement in psychological fields, clinical evidence and expertise. They both developed a theory of 'hidden' personality’, in which the psychologists theorized that people have a ‘hidden' personality within them, one which they are not aware of. This concept indicated that the human nature and the role play in rationale behind the human motivation. Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers do have same common in their theories. They were both influenced by working within their patients and shared the familiarity through the many years of clinical performance. Based on their experimental studies, Sigmund Freud believed that the human nature is inherently aggressive, and Carl Rogers sustained that the people are innately are good. Indeed, Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have diverse opinions and different assumptions on the personality of a human. During the contemporary scientific research, I prefer to agree with Roger’s theory over the Freudian model because it is more in tune with findings of my experiences.
All stories contain a character with some flaw of their own. Whether the author decides to highlight the characters flaw or to have the character overcome it is usually the turning point of the story. The grandmother in the short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, has plenty of flaws that aren't overcome but are highlighted instead. Two of the biggest flaws that lead the grandmother and her family to their demise is the fact that the grandmother is selfish, and talks too much.
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
Raymond B. Cattell (1906-1998) studied the personality traits of large groups of people, calling the visible features of their personalities “surface traits.” During his studies, Cattell observed that certain “surface traits” would appear simultaneously in individuals. When Cattell noticed this trend occurring frequently he renamed the group of “surface traits” “source traits”. At the conclusion of his research Cattell identified sixteen “source traits.”
Looking first at the personality traits most associated with the biological approach; neuroticism, psychoticism, and extroversion-introversion. With the extroversion-introversion trait
A Comparison of the Main Approaches to Personality Psychology Psychology of personality is a difficult concept to define and quantify, therefore most personality theories, however different they may be in other respects, share the basic assumption, that personality is a particular pattern of behaviour and thinking, that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another. Most theories attempting to explain personality represent part of the classic psychological Nature verse Nurture debate. In other words, is personality “inherited”, or developed through our interactions with the environment. In addition, we shall compare and contrast two of the main approaches to personality psychology by concentrating on Psychoanalytical Theory (Freud) and Social Learning Theory (Bandura). By looking at the Psychodynamic approach, developed by Freud, we can argue that it emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behaviours.
In life many of us experience what it is like to be hurt by those we hold dear. As a young girl I saw this first hand that generally the people we hold the closest actually end up being the people that hurt us the most. You expect more from them and their actions affect you on a deeper level the people you hold to a different standard from your loved ones. My grandmother taught me through the hardships she experienced what it mean to be a genuinely selfless person. My grandmother showed me the best way to live is by ensuring the happiness of loved ones even when they have wronged you
The concept of personality has numerous definitions (Fatahi, Moradi, & Kashani-Vahid, 2016). Schultz and Schultz (2009), define personality in its broad sense as the manner of an individual’s behaviour in different situations. This essay explores the nature of personality, with the intention of highlighting its flexibility. The results of numerous empirical research studies are examined in order to investigate if, and how personality changes over time. It will be argued that an individual’s personality has the ability to change throughout their life.
Personality involves a blend of characteristics that make one unique. In reviewing personality, we consider the influence of the interactions that one is engaged in, the nature or the environment of one's upbringing and genetics. The characteristic traits may change over time while some of them becoming a lasting part of a person’s personality. In this essay will analyze the theories that relate to the character and the various stages that children undergo during development. We will use the same theories and developmental stages in analysis my progress from childhood up to date.
Personality is the expression of a person’s traits according to ones feelings, mentality and behavior. It involves understanding individuals’ traits such as withdrawal and willpower and how various parts of an individual link together to form personality. Personality expresses itself from within an individual and is comparatively regular throughout in an individual’s life. Different people have different personalities dependent on factors such as environment and genetic composition. Our personality is dependent on the success or failure of our development in the eight stages of life. This is proposed by Erik Erikson. Success in the development stages lead to virtues while the failure leads to malignancies.