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Essays in religion psychology
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Whatever Works
A few weeks ago I met a Fresno State psychology alumni while taking my dog for a walk at the park. He and I chatted for a while as our dogs took a dip in the river. After earning his BA in psychology, he was accepted into Fresno Pacific’s Christian Ministry masters program. Like many of us, his initial interest in psychology was spurred on by the desire to help people; however, he eventually found that a career in psychology was not the ideal way for him, personally, to help. He expressed that he had felt out of place; he claimed that psychology’s culture is the most atheistic of all disciplines, and that it conflicted with his desire to use his faith to help others.
In our class, much emphasis has been placed on the fact that an adaptation’s success is based on how well it works; not how rational it is. Similarly, when it comes to helping people, it’s usually best to opt for the method that works the best. I have always considered religion to be beneficial because it acts as a heuristic. Religion justified and encouraged evolutionarily beneficial behaviors for millennia prior to our discovery of evolution; and religion usually encourages and justifies behaviors that are healthy and beneficial to the individual.
What the student at the park said is true, there is in-fact an unusually high proportion of atheists and agnostics in psychology; even when compared to other sciences. It’s understandable how one who would go on to study ministry may have felt out of place. Perhaps, considering the amount of psychology students who aspire to be clinicians, something more should be done to discourage the trivialization of religion.
I myself am not religious, so I certainly appreciate that not all atheist and agnostics stud...
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... most aspects of life have become fairly cushy with the advent of technology like agriculture, industry, record keeping, etc. We rarely need to develop new, creative, techniques to catch our dinner or outsmart predators. When we do need to learn a skill to survive, we can usually rely on cultural practices, rather than our own cunningness. Today, even very advanced skills are a google search away.
Prior to our species’ interconnectivity, small populations had to be self-reliant. Just as two heads are better than one, 7 billion are far better than 20 to 30. As population and variance grow, technology advances exponentially and the intellectual demand on each individual decreases. With very few environmental factors selecting out intelligence, and very little intellectual demand from nature, we are left to explore the abstract, experiment for leisure, and create art.
Religion has always been able to give people something to look to for help. It answers their questions and gives them hope for the future. In the Christian faith, followers are taught that Christ will help them if they believe and follow Him. The painting by Carl Bloch Christ Healing at the Pool of Bethesda is a prime example of Christ helping and healing those who are experiencing times of hopelessness, and need someone to turn to. Religion is what helps ground people and gives them hope. If we didn’t have religion people would be lost and in darkness.
In the first chapter of Psychology in Christian Perspective by Harold W. Faw the author talks about psychology as a subject, the different aspects of the subject and how psychology fits into the Christian world. Faw begins the chapter by describing what others think psychology and his views on psychology as well. He describes that “psychology can be described as a systematic attempt to understand human behavior and conscious experience” (Faw, 1995, p. 12). He then goes on to describe the many different types of specialties of psychology which include, neurobiological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, and psychoanalytic. These specialties are then integrated into the Christian worldview. They are all different so they all fit into
People then view this as psychology and Christianity as being incompatible (Entwistle, 2015). But Entwistle states for the reader “Integration involves identifying key Christian commitments that shape how we understand human beings, and it requires a firm grasp of the theories, methods and findings of psychology” (Entwistle, 2015, p. 15). This statement proposes that throughout history both theologians and scientists have examined ways to better understand human beings, but never fully looked to see why science and theology could never be integrated. Looking at the term integration would suggest that both scientists and theologians would have to make an effort to build the connections between psychology and theology but over the years they have always been dis-integrated. For the reader Entwistle points out that integration can be both a noun and a verb and that while people may disagree with the outcome that integration may be possible, Entwistle (2015) states that if both sides were to look at the historical relationship between psychology and Christianity in a broader spectrum and by seeking the philosophical underpinnings for finding knowledge and truth both sides could see that there are correlations between science and faith (Entwistle,
This is David Entwistle 2nd edition book published in 2010 by Wipf and Stock in Oregon. Entwistle is a Christian and a licensed psychologist; he has affiliations with Molone University in Canton, Ohio serving as chair of the Psychology Department and has taught courses related to his licensed field. This book clearly is not written for any newcomers to religion. However, it was written for those interested in the integration of science and religion. The authors’ purpose for writing this book was to define the relationship between psychology and theology. There are three specific areas this book touched upon to help readers’ better approach psychology and Christianity in a personal and more professional manner: The context of philosophical issues and worldview, to help the readers become aware of assumptions or beliefs- making the reader a more critical evaluators, and to introduce and familiarize the reader with five paradigms for integrating psychology and theology.
The integration of psychology and Christianity is a rarely touched subject that Entwistle opened the door wide open with this complex and informative book. Entwistle uses is own worldview and research to supply the information for this book with a spiritual twist. Entwistle did accomplish to gather concise information and while also remaining objective. I do think that in the information that was provided I took it as him putting psychology and Christianity on the same pedestal. God is the creator and the maker of all and there is no equal or greater than him. I do feel like integrating psychology and Christianity can open the minds of individuals and show them another way to look at individual
This paper will be reviewing the book “Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity: an introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations and models of integration, by David N. Entwistle. As the title states, this book discusses how to integrate psychology and theology. It also dives into why it is so important to be able to integrate the two. Entwistle explains that just because the two are different does not mean they should be separated, and that we have to use both our worldviews. “Weaving together perspectives from psychology and Christian theology can help us understand and appreciate humanity more fully than we could either perspective alone.”
A framework of five models is shared: Enemies, Spies, Colonialists, Neutral Parties, and Allies. The Enemies model either associates no relationship between Christianity and psychology. The Spies model focuses on what works best for them from both Christianity and psychology. Colonialists use psychology only to the degree that it fits theology. Neutral Parties model holds that psychology and theology are independent with possible correlation between findings of the two, however that is about as far as one discipline may encroach on the other. Allies, the model considered by Entwistle, acknowledges that while psychology and theology are separate, they are still dependent, based upon the underlying unity of truth of God’s written word and His Works (Entwistle, 2010). The underpinning of the integrative approach to psychology and Christianity appears to be that of anthropology; this may be seen in the two books, God g...
David Entwistle’s Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity David Entwistle's (2010) Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity is geared more towards Christians with conservative evangelical views and provides the reader with an outline to different worldview disputes and truth-seeking groundwork that surround the connection that underlies psychology and theology. In addition to analyzing the possible connection between psychology and theology, Entwisle discusses the consideration of integrating Christian faith with the practice of psychology. “Christian understandings of person-hood, the purpose of human life, our need for God, and the ethical teachings of Christian faith are integral to psychology, not merely parallel to it” (p. 199). Entwistle’s viewpoint on this matter is clearly stated. He believes that it is necessary for theology and psychology to be integrated in order to fully understand human nature.
For years there has been discussion over the controversy of whether or not psychologists should be counted as shamans. Shamanism comprises a range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spiritual world (Marohn, 2014). Although psychologists uses their beliefs and their practices when analyzing the mental processes of a patient, they may not necessarily correlate their findings with ideas involving the spiritual world. Some psychologists may be counted as shamans based on their methods of treatment, but generally psychologists aren’t shamans.
The integration of psychology and Christianity is important because both psychology and Christianity are interested in human nature
The importance of considering an individual's spirituality and the confusion over definition have been emphasised by the interest shown in this subject over the past decade. A working definition to help to reduce confusion was presented at the College of Occupational Therapists' annual conference in 2004 and it was felt that it would be useful both to review the attitudes and practices of occupational therapists in this area and to evaluate how they assess and meet spiritual needs. It appeared that practical spiritual needs were often thought of only in terms of religious and cultural traditions or rituals and, as a result, the potential of everyday meaningful occupations was not considered fully. Therefore, the use of occupation was reviewed in relation to meeting spiritual needs. Finally, the perceived barriers to incorporating spirituality into practice were investigated. The review showed that: (1) Although a majority of participants recognise the importance of spirituality to health and illness and the potential benefits to treatment, the number of therapists actually incorporating spiritual needs into daily practice does not demonstrate this recognition; (2) Some occupational therapists feel confident about addressing and assessing spiritual concerns explicitly, but this tends to be situation based and dependent on factors such as client-therapist relationship, therapist awareness of spiritual issues and the expression of spiritual need by the client; (3) Further exploration of the potential of everyday occupations that address the spiritual needs of both religious and non-religious clients needs to be undertaken; and (4) Spirituality needs to be addressed more fully in undergraduate occupational therapy programmes (Johnston...
The topic of atheism has become an increasingly investigated topic in the United States. With the slow, but steady, rise of the atheist population in the United States, the inquiry is becoming more relevant in modern research. The atheist population in America are considered to be cognitively deviant because they reject a theist view which are the majority. They are also one of the most discriminated groups and hold a very large and pervasive stigma.. There are a multitude of recent studies that address the topic of atheism in the United States in varying ways.
Throughout the course of history, man has looked to religion for answers. Curiosity as to how we got here and why we are have driven people to seek out answers to these somewhat unanswerable questions. Over the past few thousand years, several varying religions have been established, some more prominent than others. Many of them share a similar story of a divine creator who has always been and will always be. In the case of Christianity, whether true or not, it has proven to be beneficial to society as a whole. The Bible set the standard for the moral compass that humans live their lives by to this day. The key fundamental problem with religion, although not the fault of religion, is that man has often used it as a gateway to power and prominence. In the case of the 18th century Gallican church, the French were abusing their religious powers, thus creating vast inequality throughout France, which eventually led to a rebellion against the church, and the eventual destruction of the church within France.
Jones, Marge, and E. Grant Jones. Psychology of Missionary Adjustment. Springfield, Missouri: Logion Press, 1994.
On the down side there are a limited number of educational programs that adequately deal with the issue of incorporating religion and spirituality in therapeutic/counseling settings. This can be attributed to the fact that counseling is based in psychology, a scientific field, which has traditionally neglected issues of a spiritual nature (Nelson, Kirk, Ane, & Serres, 2011) as well as the practice used within the United States to separate education and religion (Cashwell and Young, 2011). This then results in a significant portion of therapist and counselors who are not prepared to address the issue of spirituality and religion with their clients. One would think that with the value many Americans place on the topic of religion and spirituality that there would come a time when a client would want to address this topic during his or her session.