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What is the efficient market hypothesis
What is the efficient market hypothesis
Efficient market hypothesis empirical studies
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Mutual Funds, Bill Miller, and Value Trust Value Trust, an $11.2 billion mutual fund managed by Bill Miller III, and one of a family of funds managed by Legg Mason., a leading Global Asset Management Firm headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland has achieved uncanny success. The Fund invests primarily in large-cap equity securities, is benchmarked against the S&P 500, and as of 2005, has outperformed its benchmark for a record 14 consecutive years. This amazing streak has brought much attention to this highly rated fund and what exactly is behind its excellent success and management. An example of performance for 2001-2004 follows: ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN (%) HISTORY Year Value Trust S&P 500 Differential 2001 -9.29 -11.89 2.6 2002 -18.92 -22.10 3.18 2003 43.53 28.68 14.85 2004 11.96 10.88 1.08 A mutual fund is a professionally managed fund of collective investments that pools money from many investors and puts it in various securities such as stocks, bonds, and money markets. The mutual fund will have a fund manager, that trades the pooled money on a regular basis, and after realizing capital gains or losses they will be passed out in the form of dividends to the individual investors. These funds provide key advantages for investors when compared to individual stocks: automatic diversification, professional management, and convenience, while maintaining liquidity. Mutual-fund managers generally rely on some variation of the two classic schools of stock analysis: fundamental and technical. Fundamental analysis relies on information such as economic supply and demand, and the company's financial health. These investors use information such as annual growth rate, earnings records, and key ratios to make decisions and focus on consistent, steady growth. Alternatively, technical analysis focuses more on the study of timing, price fluxuation, and investor sentiment. A common method of technical analysis is the usage of a chart of the stock’s price history to predict market sentiment and stock price trends. Despite the popularity of the two schools of stock analysis, there is no guarantee that either will pay off consistently. A sentiment shared by many professionals states that any information available to investors will already be built into the price of the stock. This notion is known as the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and is widely accepted by financial economists. If EMH is correct in that all current prices reflect all available information, it would be impossible to beat the market relying on superior knowledge and skill, meaning most success would be due to luck. Bill Miller’s success in consistently beating what is thought to be an efficient market is unusual and many wondered what could explain Miller’s performance.
Student Answer: Professional management and diversification are the major reasons investors purchase mutual funds, as well as they are easy to invest in for beginning investors or those who lack large amount of money as required by other types of investments. Investment companies are employed with experienced and profession fund managers who research and devote a lot of time to finding the perfect securities for their investment portfolios. The diversification allows for gains, even in a loss, because one investment in a mutual fund can offset the loss of another by it’s gains. Basically, your investments are scattered around and offer somewhat of a safety net for your
Dimensional's value strategies are based on the Fama/French research in multifactor portfolios designed to capture the return premiums associated with high book-to-market (BtM) ratios.
To first understand what a great company is, Collins used data to answer the follow question: “can a good company become a great company, and if so, how?” The data Collins used on the 1,435 companies to see if they became a great company looks at the company’s cumulative stock return for 15 years, security prices, stock splits, and reinvested dividends.1 He then compared the data to the general stock market, omitting all companies who showed patterns similar to industrial average shifts. After narrowing down the data and comparing it to companies who once had short-lived greatness, Collins found 11 companies that showed distinctive patterns that were higher then overall industrial averages. According to his research; a dollar invested into a mutual fund of a good to great company in 1965 would be worth $470 in 2000, while the same amount would only be worth $56 in the general stock market. These exceptional numbers are on of the factors that lead Collins to believe a company went from good to great.1
Mutual funds are investments that contains pools of individual stocks or bonds which are specifically chosen by a fund manager or team1. Exchange-traded funds or ETFs are offshoots of mutual funds that allow investors to trade index portfolios1. While ETFs maintain a lot of the characteristics of mutual funds – including the fact they are a pools of investments, have low costs, and have benefits such as the ability to achieve diversification and asset allocation – ETFs offer advantages that mutual funds cannot.
Muller, J., Welch, D., & Greene, J. (2000, September 18). Businessweek - Business News, Stock Market & Financial Advice. Businessweek - Business News, Stock Market & Financial Advice. Retrieved April 17, 2011, from http://www.businessweek.com
Todays widely used CAPM model was originally developed by Sharpe (1964) in order to explain how capital markets set share prices. (Pike and Neale) However, was then developed by others such as Harry Markowitz, John Linter and Jack Treynor. In result of research by Sharpe (1964), Litner (1965) and Black (1972) the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is that “the relationship between beta and expected returns is linear, exact, and has a slope equal to the expectation of the market
The efficient market hypothesis has been one of the main topics of academic finance research. The efficient market hypotheses also know as the joint hypothesis problem, asserts that financial markets lack solid hard information in making decisions. Efficient market hypothesis claims it is impossible to beat the market because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information . According to efficient market hypothesis stocks always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges, making it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. As such, it should be impossible to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing, and that the only way an investor can possibly obtain higher returns is by purchasing riskier investments . In reality once cannot always achieve returns in excess of average market return on a risk-adjusted basis. They have been numerous arguments against the efficient market hypothesis. Some researches point out the fact financial theories are subjective, in other words they are ideas that try to explain how markets work and behave.
Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager at Northpoint Group, a mutual fund management firm is looking into investing in the stocks of Nike Inc. for the company that she’s in charge of. Her decisional criteria should be based on Nike’s financial reports and statements of 2001. There were several problems in Nike because of which the stock prices of the company were declining and also a third party gave their opinion based on if the investment is really worth it.
Stock market prediction is the method of predicting the price of a company’s stock. It is believed that stock price is lead by random walk hypothesis. Random walk hypothesis states that stock market price matures randomly and hence can’t be predicted. Pesaran (2003) states that it is often argued that if stock markets are efficient then it should not be possible to predict stock returns. In fact, it is easily seen that stock market returns will be non-predictable only if market efficiency is combined with risk neutrality. On the other hand it is also been concluded that using variance ratio tests long horizon stock market returns can be predicted....
The efficient market hypothesis states that it is not possible to consistently outperform the market by using any information that the market already knows, except through luck. Information or news in the EMH is defined as anything that may affect prices that is unknowable in the present and thus appears randomly in the future.
As an investor with several types of securities, I am looking for long-term stability towards a retirement fund. The combination of several different stocks and mutual funds allows for the safety of the investments. By investing long-term in different accounts, I have the ability to gain more in the long-run with less risk of not lose all my savings on one investment.
Recently a new trend has taken up Wall Street. Savvy broker firms have realized that the market is probably controlled by some rules, and those rules have to be found to make more money with the least risk. They hired many mathematicians to look for any formulas that would seem to express the market. Those analyzed previous market trends and used laws of statistics to try to predict the “future” of the market. The funny thing is that at times this approach actually worked. It yielded a slightly more than fifty percent accuracy, and that was enough. (When dealing with tremendous amounts, even a small percentage is not meager.)
There is a sense of complexity today that has led many to believe the individual investor has little chance of competing with professional brokers and investment firms. However, Malkiel states this is a major misconception as he explains in his book “A Random Walk Down Wall Street”. What does a random walk mean? The random walk means in terms of the stock market that, “short term changes in stock prices cannot be predicted”. So how does a rational investor determine which stocks to purchase to maximize returns? Chapter 1 begins by defining and determining the difference in investing and speculating. Investing defined by Malkiel is the method of “purchasing assets to gain profit in the form of reasonably predictable income or appreciation over the long term”. Speculating in a sense is predicting, but without sufficient data to support any kind of conclusion. What is investing? Investing in its simplest form is the expectation to receive greater value in the future than you have today by saving income rather than spending. For example a savings account will earn a particular interest rate as will a corporate bond. Investment returns therefore depend on the allocation of funds and future events. Traditionally there have been two approaches used by the investment community to determine asset valuation: “the firm-foundation theory” and the “castle in the air theory”. The firm foundation theory argues that each investment instrument has something called intrinsic value, which can be determined analyzing securities present conditions and future growth. The basis of this theory is to buy securities when they are temporarily undervalued and sell them when they are temporarily overvalued in comparison to there intrinsic value One of the main variables used in this theory is dividend income. A stocks intrinsic value is said to be “equal to the present value of all its future dividends”. This is done using a method called discounting. Another variable to consider is the growth rate of the dividends. The greater the growth rate the more valuable the stock. However it is difficult to determine how long growth rates will last. Other factors are risk and interest rates, which will be discussed later. Warren Buffet, the great investor of our time, used this technique in making his fortune.
The Dow Theory had laid down the basic principles of technical analysis. However, with the advent of more advanced techniques and tools the Dow Theory needs some expansion. One of the big problems with the theory is that the conservative nature of a trend-reversal signal. A reversal in the bullish and bearish trend is confirmed when there is an end to successive highs and successive lows respectively. However, it is difficult to predict the end of trends and by the time it gets confirmed the markets have already moved a long way.
I am currently majoring in Finance Management. Most of the time people think of finance as just managing money. However, finance is needed for so much more! The finance industry deals with starting businesses, developing new products, expanding markets, as well as everyday things like saving for retirement, purchasing a home, and even insurance. The stock market, asset allocation, portfolio analysis, and electronic commerce are all key aspects in finance. In this paper, I will explain how these features play a vital role in the industry, along with the issues that come with these factors.