The Murrumbidgee River is the 3rd longest river in Australia and in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), after the Murray and Darling rivers. The area of catchment is 8% of the total area of the MDB Basin and provides almost 16% of inflow for the Basin (Burrell, 2017). In Murrumbidgee regulated river, water source is defined as the water between the banks of all rivers, from the upper limit of Burrinjuck Dam water storage (being the Taemas Bridge crossing) and Blowering Dam water storage (being the dam wall and spillway for Jounama Pondage), downstream to the junction of the Murrumbidgee River and the Murray River
It starts in the Australian Alps and regulated by Burrinjuck Dam located near Yass at the junction of the Yass and Goodradigbee Rivers. The valley also receives water from the Snowy Mountains Scheme which is stored in Blowering Dam on the Tumut River. Downstream of Narrandera the major effluent of Yanco Creek leaves the river, feeding a series of regulated creeks that flow southwest to eventually join the Murray River. The lower end of the Murrumbidgee River is known as the Lowbidgee, a broad floodplain where the river degrades into a complex area of effluent channels and swamps (Burrell, 2017).
Figure 2 1 Topography and elevation of the
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Murrumbidgee catchment (Green et al 2011) 2.1.1. Climate: The climate in Murrumbidgee catchment varies a lot due to the difference in elevation (form 2,200 meters to 50 meters) (Burrell, 2017) of the area through which it flows.
Temperate climate prevails in the highlands, which has warm summers in most areas and cool summers in the high altitude areas, cold winters and no dry season. The south-west slopes have a sub-humid climate with hot summers, and the western area has a dry semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. January and February are generally the hottest months, with mean summer temperatures ranging between 33°C in the west and 16°C at higher altitudes in the east. Mean winter temperatures range from 3°C to 5°C in the west to 0°C to -2°C in the highlands
(??). The average annual rainfall in the Murrumbidgee catchment is 530mm ranges from over 1,700 millimetres in the higher elevations of the Snowy Mountains, to less than 350 millimetres on the western plains (Figure 2 2). Rainfall varies considerably between years and is generally fairly uniform throughout the year. Figure 2 2 Average annual rainfall in the Murrumbidgee catchment (Green, 2011) Average evaporation (Class A pan evaporation) in the catchment demonstrates a strong east-west gradient that varies from less than 1,000 millimetres per year in the south-east, to over 1,800 millimetres per year in the west (Figure 2 3). Evaporation is also strongly seasonal, varying from one millimetre per day during July at Wagga Wagga to 9 millimetres per day during January. Figure 2 3 Class A pan annual evaporation in the Murrumbidgee catchment (Green D. 2011) 2.1.2. Land Use The Murrumbidgee catchment supports a population of approximately 520,000 people. It includes the Australian Capital Territory and national capital Canberra (314,000 people) and Wagga Wagga, the largest inland city in NSW (57,000 people) (Burrell, 2017). Land use in the Murrumbidgee catchment (Figure 2 4) is dominated by grazing, agriculture, dryland cropping and horticulture. Irrigated cropping occurs within the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area on the northern side of the river, in the Coleambally Irrigation Area on the southern side of the river, and along the Yanco Creek system. The prominent crops produced are rice, corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, barley, grapes, stone fruit and citrus (Green, 2011). Figure 2 4 Landuse in the Murrumbidgee catchment (Source 2001/02 Land use mapping of Australia, Bureau of Rural Sciences) 2.1.3. River Flow River flows has a strong seasonal pattern (Figure 2 5), driven by winter and spring rainfall and snow melt from the Great Dividing Range (the upper portion of the catchment) and inflows delivered by several tributary rivers (Kingsford, 2001). The average annual flow at Wagga Wagga is 3,890,000 megalitres. The flow in the river is regulated by multiple storages including those of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme, those of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Water Supply System and the major New South Wales irrigation dams of Blowering (on the Tumut River) and Burrinjuck (on the Murrumbidgee River) (CSIRO, 2008).
Sedimentary rock from the older Silurian Period is further from the river banks (Geological map of Victoria, 1973). Mudstone, inter-bedded shale and greywacke depositions indicate the Maribyrnong River may have previously taken a different shape, and younger sediments have replaced the older sediments in more recent geological periods.
Hydrosphere of the Mississippi River A Case Study of * River management * People interfering in the hydrosphere * A flood management scheme River Basin / Catchment area The source of the river is the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains to the north. There are many hundreds of tributaries including the Red River, Missouri river and the river Ohio. The mountains form the river's watershed. From Minneapolis the river flows South-East into Iowa where it flows south as far as Davenport. At Davenport it is joined by more small tributaries.
In the short story, “On the Rainy River”, Tim O’Brien reflects on how an individual’s values and identity shifts in the face of adversity. This idea is portrayed in the character of Tim O’Brien and how he is able to compromise his values when he is faced with internal turmoil in the presence of adversity. “Oddly, though, it was almost entirely an intellectual activity. I brought some energy to it, of course, but it was the energy that accompanies almost any abstract endeavor”. This quote portrays how weakly Tim clung onto his values even though he held an opinion against this war. Tim never really takes initiative to fully fight this war, he only puts in the bare minimum. He talks about how the editorials he wrote were “tedious’ and “uninspired”
Due to the moderating effect, this ecozone has long, mild summers (18 to 22°C) and cool, short winters (-3 to -12°C), with around 720 to 1000mm of precipitation, and 180 to 260 growing days annually. The Westerlies can also alter the weather quickly in this ecozone.
Newman, B., 2012. Australian Regolith and Clays Conference. River Murray Salinity Management and Irrigation, pp. 163 - 166.
Port Arthur was Australia’s largest and most notorious prison holding the most vicious and hardened criminals from 1837 to its closure in 1877. The aim of Port Arthur was to produce useful goods and useful citizens, reformed men who have rejected a life of crime and embraced a law-abiding future. It was known for its tough punishment and structure. This essay will discuss the daily life at Port Arthur for convicts, punishments convicts received, trades that were practiced there and the merchandise that was created through those trades and what become of Port Arthur after transportation finished.
In the chapter the “Rainy River” of the novel The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien, O’Brien conveys a deep moral conflict between fleeing the war to go to Canada versus staying and fighting in a war that he does not support. O’Brien is an educated man, a full time law student at Harvard and a liberal person who sees war as a pointless activity for dimwitted, war hungry men. His status makes him naive to the fact that he will be drafted into the war and thus when he receives his draft notice, he is shocked. Furthermore, his anti-war sentiments are thoroughly projected, and he unravels into a moral dilemma between finding freedom in Canada or standing his ground and fighting. An image of a rainy river marking the border between Minnesota and Canada is representative of this chapter because it reflects O’Brien’s moral division between finding freedom in Canada or standing his ground and fighting in the Vietnam war.
A Long Walk to Water is a Realistic Fiction book that can be about Determination and it is made by Linda Sue Park. Nya is the main female character, and she has to fetch water everyday and it takes 8 hours of the day to get water and come back. Nya sometimes has to move to a lake during dry season and still has to get water, Nya. also doesn’t get to go to school or learn. Salva is the main male character, the part where Salva lives has been having war and Salva has to get to a refugee camp in Ethiopia along the way Salva meets a boy named Mariel and he finds his uncle, he makes it to a camp but a couple years later the government is falling and they have to go to another camp. Later on Salva got to go to New York and live with a new family.
“On the Rainy River,” Short story by Tim O Brien, tells about his emotional experience inside a fourteen-foot boat, northbound of Minnesota, to the beautiful Canadian waters. O’Brien dissimulates to be strong on the boat, when he is trying to build enough strength to go to war, or escape from going to it and divest everything O’Brien once had. The narrator is stating that some situations limit our chance to make the clear right choice, and theres no right choices in war; O’Brien explains this through ocean Imagery, language and setting.
In today’s civil society, we are taught to show compassion and tolerance towards one other, yet the media portrays society in a different perspective, as being intolerant. In the book The Other Side of the River, writer Alex Kotlowitz reflects on the story of a young black male whose lifeless body was found in the St. Joseph river of Michigan. In this story, Kotlowitz reflects on two communities that are opposite from the other in regards to ethnic background and financial well-being, yet both appear to share the same lack of tolerance towards the other. There is a paragraph were Kotlowitz writes,
Lake Mungo is most definitely worth protecting.It is part of our history. Lake Mungo holds many answers to mysteries of Australia's past. If we don't conserve it, it will be a great loss to the indigenous owners of this land.
Moreover, environmental features in the Mitta Mitta river is playing a crucial role in terms of its water. Environmental features are those installations which alter the environment and includes environmental asset. The environmental features in every river catchment is contrast, for example Mitta Mitta river features is different with Macquarie river features. In addition, environmental assets in the Mitta Mitta river include provide habitats for high priority threatened native fish such as Macquarie perch, Murray cod, golden perch and flat-headed galaxias. Other high priority species found along the Mitta Mitta system include spotted tree frogs and the alpine spiny crayfish, in the upper Snowy Creek catchment. Another environmental assets are Wetlands, National Park, Gorges. Dams include Hume and Dartmouth dams, operating storages, 14 weirs, 13 locks, barrages at the Lower Lakes, and water management structures at
Average January temperature: -32.1 degrees Celsius. Average July temperature: +4.1 degrees Celsius. Temperature range: 36.2 degrees Celsius. Average annual temperature: -17 degrees Celsius. Lowest temperature recorded: -52.5 degrees Celsius.
Finally, Tim O’Brien conveys how society’s view on courage plays an important part in the creation of guilt for soldiers in the Vietnam War. At the start of “On the Rainy River”, Tim O’Brien is drafted to be in the Vietnam War against his will. O’Brien says, “I was drafted to fight a war I hated...the American War in Vietnam seemed to me wrong.,” (40). However, regardless if one was against the war, they were forced to anyway. In adhesion, society developed one stance on the war pertaining to courage, which is that the man needs to do the bravest thing, which was to go to war and fight. Although this also ties with the theme of masculinity with men being tough, it more importantly exemplifies courage in going to risk your life for the good of the country.
The highlands here can receive up to 80 inches of rainfall a year and average temperatures in the low 60s F (Brittanica.com). Attoh classifies the remaining areas as the B (dry climate) subcategory of Bsh (semiarid climate).... ... middle of paper ... ...