In this experiment, a multistep synthesis was performed, electrophilic aromatic substitution took place, and a protecting group was used. The compound that resulted from the synthesis was sulfaniliamide. In order to get this product, three reactions took place. First, the reaction between acetanilide and chlorosulfonic acid was performed. This reaction resulted in a white powder which was confirmed through IR and 1H NMR to be 4-acetamidobenezenesulfonyl chloride. The IR spectrum, RM-12-Ai, shows an amine group at 3316 cm-1 and 1585 cm-1, a carbonyl at 1679 cm-1, an aromatic carbon-carbon stretch at 1533 cm-1, a sulfone 1372 cm-1 and 1166 cm-1, and a para-substituted ring at 836 cm-1. All of these functional groups are represented in this compound, …show more content…
The product that was recovered was tan, shiny crystals and weighed 0.916 g. The partial percent yield for this step was 45.96 %. This yield was determined by using the amount of 4-acetamidobenezenesulfonamide in this step to calculate the theoretical yield. The amount recovered was then divided by this theoretical yield to the partial percent yield. Once both partial percent yields were determined, the overall percent yield for this multistep synthesis was calculated. The overall percent yield for this experiment is 26.72 %, and was determined by taking the product of 0.4596 and 0.5814, and multiplying it by 100. One reason the overall yield is low, is the constant transferring of materials from one apparatus to another. If the reactions could be performed in one apparatus, the amount of product lost during transfers would be eliminated. Even though there was a low recovery, identification of the final product was confirmed, and tests for solubility were performed. For the solubility test, sulfanilamide was tested with 1.5 M HCl and 1.5 M NaOH. Both test resulted in sulfanilamide being soluble in each solvent. Next, the melting point for the final product was found. The melting point for this compound was determined to be 163-165 ˚C which matches the known value for sulfanilamide. The IR spectrum, RM-12-Ci, also confirms that the reaction was completed. In the IR spectrum, a carbonyl group was not present. This is important because sulfanilamide does not contain this functional group like the previous products. The only functional groups that are present in this spectrum are an amine group at 3551-3239 cm-1, a nitrogen-hydrogen bend at 1596 cm-1, a sulfone at 1305 cm-1 and 1142 cm-1, and a para substituted ring at 824 cm-1. All of the functional groups are found in the product. The 1H NMR spectrum also confirm that
Then the reaction tube was capped but not tightly. The tube then was placed in a sand bath reflux to heat it until a brown color was formed. Then the tube was taken out of the sand bath and allowed to cool to room temperature. Then the tube was shaken until a formation of a white solid at the bottom of the tube. After formation of the white solid, diphenyl ether (2 mL) was added to the solution and heated until the white solid was completely dissolved in the solution. After heating, the tube was cooled to room temperature. Then toluene (2 mL) was added to the solution. The tube was then placed in an ice bath. Then the solution was filtered via vacuum filtration, and there was a formation of a white solid. Then the product was dried and weighed. The Final product was hexaphenylbenzene (0.094 g, 0.176 mmol,
The purpose of this lab was to perform an electro-philic aromatic substitution and determine the identity of the major product. TLC was used to detect unre-acted starting material or isomeric products present in the reaction mixture.
The isomerization procedure was done in order to create dimethyl fumarate from dimethyl maleate. Dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate are cis and trans isomers, respectively. This procedure was done via a free radical mechanism using bromine. The analysis of carvones reaction was done in order to identify the smell and optical rotation of the carvone samples that were provided. The odor was determined by smelling the compound and the optical rotation was determined using a polarimeter.
This experiment synthesized luminol (5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) and used the product to observe how chemiluminescence would work. The starting material was 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, which was, after addition of reaction agents, refluxed and vacuum filtered to retrieve luminol. Using two stock solutions, we missed our precipitated luminol with sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, and hydrogen peroxide, in their respective solutions, in a dark room, to observe the blue light
Discussion and Conclusions: Interpreting these results have concluded that relative reactivity of these three anilines in order of most reactive to least reactive go; Aniline > Anisole > Acetanilide. Aniline, has an NH2 , the most active substituent , and adds to any ortho/para position available on the ring. This data is confirmed with the product obtained, (2,4,6 tribromoaniline, mp of 108-110 C). As for anisole, it has a strongly activating group attached, OMe an alkoxy group, and it added in two of the three available spots, both ortho. The results conclude: (2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C ). Acetanilide has a strong activating group attached, acylamino group, but this group is large and the ortho positions are somewhat hindered so the majority of the product obtained added at the para position, results conclude: (p-bromoacetanilide mp 160-165 C). Since all the substituents attached to the aromatic rings were activators the only products able to be obtained were ortho/para products.
Discussion The reaction of (-)-α-phellandrene, 1, and maleic anhydride, 2, gave a Diels-Alder adduct, 4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl), 3, this reaction gave white crystals in a yield of 2.64 g (37.56%). Both hydrogen and carbon NMR as well as NOESY, COSY and HSQC spectrum were used to prove that 3 had formed. These spectroscopic techniques also aided in the identification of whether the process was attack via the top of bottom face, as well as if this reaction was via the endo or exo process. These possible attacks give rise to four possible products, however, in reality due to steric interactions and electronics only one product is formed.
This experiment was divided into two main steps. The first step was the addition of bromine to trans-stilbene. Trans-stilbene was weighted out 2.00g, 0.0111mol and mixed with 40ml of glacial acetic acid in 100ml Erlenmeyer flask on a hot bath. Pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide of 4.00g, 0.0125mol was added carefully into the flask.
The product was recrystallized to purify it and the unknown filtrate and nucleophile was determined by taking the melting points and performing TLC. Nucleophilic substitution reactions have a nucleophile (electron pair donor) and an sp3 electrophile (electron pair acceptor) with an attached leaving group. This experiment was a Williamson ether synthesis usually SN2, with an alkoxide and an alkyl halide. Conditions are favored with a strong nucleophile, good leaving group, and a polar aprotic solvent.
The book Into The Wild, written by Jon Krakauer, tells the story of Chris McCandless a young man who abandoned his life in search of something more meaningful than a materialistic society. In 1992 Chris gave his $ 25,000 savings to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, and burned all of his money to chase his dream. Chris’s legacy was to live in simplicity, to find his purpose, and to chase his dreams.
In this experiment, four elimination reactions were compared and contrasted under acidic (H2SO4) and basic (KOC(CO3)3) conditions. The acid-catalyzed dehydration was done on 2-butanol and 1-butanol; a 2ᵒ and 1ᵒ alcohol, respectively. The base-induced dehydrobromination was performed on 2-bromobutane and 1-bromobutane; isomeric halides. The stereochemistry and regiochemistry of the four reactions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) to determine product distribution (assuming that the amount of each product in the gas mixture is proportional to the area under its complementary GC peak. The three butene products have been verified that they elute in the following order: 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and cis-2-butene.
Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that involves reaction rates and the steps that follow in. It tells you how fast a reaction can happen and the steps it takes to make complete the reaction (2). An application of chemical kinetics in everyday life is the mechanics of popcorn. The rate it pops depends on how much water is in a kernel. The more water it has the quicker the steam heats up and causes a reaction- the popping of the kernel (3). Catalysts, temperature, and concentration can cause variations in kinetics (4).
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
Video learning is a learning modality that is highly used in many curriculums and different programs. It can be difficult to find videos that are associated with the class lecture, but it can also provide an opportunity to learn off of errors based on self-recordings. In a study by Giles et al. (2014) , occupational therapy students participated in a lab simulation and were video recorded during the entire process.
Phosgene was first synthesized by the Cornish chemist John Davy in 1812. This reaction was performed by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine gas to sunlight. The name was derived from the Greek: phos, and gene; meaning light and birth respectively.
V. Amarnath, D. C. Anthony, K. Amarnath, W. M. Valentine, L. A. Wetterau, D. G. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, p. 6924-6931.