Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the interruption of signals of the nerve impulses due to the deterioration of the covering of the nerve fibers myelin sheath that covers the nerve fibers and axon in the (CNS) central nervous system and (SC) spinal cord (Compston & Coles, 2008). According to Goodman and Fuller (2015), the primary clinical manifestation of MS is visual deterioration (double vision, nystagmus, etc.) due to the affected optic nerve associated with demyelination of the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, weakness is due to the diminished impulses secondary to the damaged nerve fibers and axons of the spinal cord, sensory and balance deficits as well as fatigue (which occurs in the mid-afternoon) which contribute to the most disabling symptoms …show more content…
Therefore, Asano & Finlayson (2014) collected twenty-five Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) data of comparing the effectiveness of educational programs, rehabilitation regimen and MS medications to help reduce fatigue related to MS. Fatigue is one of the most significant and afflictive manifestation of the disease with adverse implications for general function to well-being (Bakshi, Shaikh, Miletich, Czarnecki, Dmochowski, Henschel, 2000; Fisk, Ritvo, Ross, Haase, Marrie & Schlech, 1994; There are 1,499 participants included in the study; the group was divided into three groups and mostly were female with the age range of twenty-five to fifty-six years old related to MS. The group were distributed evenly and accordingly to the severity of the MS disability. The treatment provided in each group, including ten exercise program (supervised by a physiotherapist and occupational therapies), eight educational therapies (psychotherapies, behavioral) and seven MS medications (managed by nurses). The MS disability status of the patients based on the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (Kurtzke, 1983; Kurtzke, 1984). Asano, et al. (2014) identified that the most favored method for measuring exercise and pharmacological treatment trial is Fatigue Disability Scale (FDS) due to the reliability of the outcome.
The validity of the study: There is a significant validity to the educational group due the
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The location of the inflammation or lesions in the brain may be able to determine the symptoms of a person with MS. The primary features of MS consist of voluntary tremor, ataxic dysarthria, and involuntary eye movement. Presently, there is no cure for MS, but there are various non- pharmacological and pharmacological treatment to help manage the relapses, exacerbations, preventing the increased disability, modifying/ controlling the progression of the disease process and for treating the symptoms of the illness (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, n.d.). The physiotherapist has an important role to our patients in maintaining their function, providing education and formulate numerous diverse strategies for effective physical therapy treatment and patient’s safety due to different MS drug cycles and its side
However, I am not going to spend a long time describing the nitty-gritty of this because there is an elephant in the room. Both of these writings are on a terrible chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. What’s worse is that millions and millions more do not even know that this disease exists. I remember when I sprained my ankle while playing baseball, it was so bad that I needed crutches for two weeks and had to keep my foot wrapped for multiple weeks after. The incident took me out for the rest of the season, where my little league team got very close to going into the postseason but fell short. Due to my absence, I felt partly responsible for my team’s loss. I cannot begin to fathom the effect that MS would have in my life
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease affecting the myelination of the central nervous system, leading to numerous issues regarding muscle strength, coordination, balance, sensation, vision, and even some cognitive defects. Unfortunately, the etiology of MS is not known, however, it is generally thought of and accepted as being an autoimmune disorder inside of the central nervous system (Rietberg, et al. 2004). According to a study (Noonan, et al. 2010) on the prevalence of MS, the disease affects more than 1 million people across the world, and approximately 85% of those that are affected will suffer from unpredictably occurring sessions of exacerbations and remissions. The report (Noonan, et al. 2010) found that the prevalence of MS was much higher in women than in men, and that it was also higher in non-Hispanic whites than in other racial or ethnic groups throughout the 3 regions of the United States that were studied.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to be an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheaths, or oligodendrocytes that cover nerve axons in the central nervous system (PubMed Health 2013). This immune response causes inflammation, which triggers immune cells to destroy axons “along any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord” (PubMed Health 2013). When the myelin sheath “is damaged, nerve signals slow down or stop” thus hindering the propagation of action potentials and limiting function (PubMed Health 2013).
According to National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, often disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body. The central nervous system (CNS) comprises of the brain and the spinal cord. CNS is coated and protected by myelin sheath that is made of fatty tissues (Slomski, 2005). The inflammation and damage of the myelin sheath causing it to form a scar (sclerosis). This results in a number of physical and mental symptoms, including weakness, loss of coordination, and loss of speech and vision. The way the disease affect people is always different; some people experience only a single attack and recover quickly, while others condition degenerate over time (Wexler, 2013). Hence, the diagnosis of MS is mostly done by eliminating the symptoms of other diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects both men and women, but generally, it is more common in women more than men. The disease is most usually diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, however, it can occur at any age. Someone with a family history of the disease is more likely to suffer from it. Although MS is not
Describe the differences in the results between the groups in the study and support your description with examples from the study
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is very broad in nature. About hundred conditions can imitate multiple sclerosis, this figure is rather an under-estimate. However, it is impractical and tedious to perform such differential diagnosis routinely to rule out multiple sclerosis. Instead, key features of each patient allow a rational consideration of relevant alternate diagnosis. Potential multiple sclerosis “mimics” can be easily distinguished from other patients as most relapsing onset patients have either optic neuritis or myelitic syndromes.
Primarily, the term MS refers to a chronic disorder that attacks the central nervous system (CNS). It is most common in temperate continents such as Europe and Australia with Asiatic and African continents having a lower risk of the disease (Wiley Online Library, 2013). A search organised by the Multiple Sclerosis Society (2013) has estimated that there are 127,000 people living with MS in the United Kingdom. Further research by Chipps, Clanin, and Campbell (1992, pp. 158-167) shows that MS disorder more likely affects women than men with its symptoms occurring between the ages of 20 and 40 in most cases and is quite uncommon in childhood and old age. The nerve cells known as neurons in the brain constantly transmit and receive signals. They invoke emotions, activities and cognition that constitute the day to day experiences of humans. Under normal circumstances, these signals travel on a protected insulation path known as the myelin sheath. This insulation is vital as it enables signals to reach their target. In Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin sheath gets disintegrated causing the nerve fibre to be damaged leading to a disruption in the abili...
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that involves the different areas of the central nervous system, the brain, and spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects the
Multiple Sclerosis is a nervous system disease that affects the spinal cord and the brain by damaging the myelin sheaths that protects nerve cells. Destroyed myelin prevents messages from communicating and sending properly from the brain, through the spinal cord, to internal body parts. In the United States, more than 350,000 people are diagnosed with this disease. Anyone can get this disease, but it is more common among Caucasian women. MS symptoms begin between the ages 20-40 and are caused by nerve lesions being present in multiple areas of the Central Nervous System, symptoms differ on the lesion’s location.
This clarity enhances the reliability of the research findings and allows readers to understand the process behind the conclusions drawn. However, one weakness of the article is its limited discussion of the potential limitations of the
Validity is one of the most important aspects of a research study ( ). Validity establishes how accurate and credible ( ) the findings are and how thorough one's research is and did the study measure what it intended to measure ( ). There are four main types of validity in research: conclusion validity, internal validity, external validity, and construct validity. This paper will compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity. It will also identify the threats associated with external and construct validity and the impact of such treats in research.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS) which affects all ages and gender. MS is currently the leading cause of disability in young adults and found to be more prevalent in women and affects 2.5 million people worldwide. “Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive chronic immune - mediated disease characterized by disseminated demyelination of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord” (Mahan, Escott-Stump, 2008).
The nervous system plays a major role in co-ordinating and controlling the body’s activities. It is made up of billions of nerve cells. These cells are linked to form a massive communications network. Nerve cells carry messages in the form of electrical impulses. These impulses are carried at high speed around the body to keep it safe and functioning normally. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease which progressively injures the nerves of the brain and spinal cord. Injury to the nerves in multiple sclerosis may be reflected by alterations of virtually any sensory or motor (muscular) function in the body.
Participants Participants in this study were all psychology students from the only summer section of research and statistics method class from the Northeastern University. The sample included 18 participants (5 males,17 females and 1 unknown). Age mean amongst the class (M= 26.39), with a stand deviation of (SD =4.075). The study was introduced by instruction before the conduction of the experiment. One student did withdrew from the study before the conduction.