Introduction According to National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, often disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body. The central nervous system (CNS) comprises of the brain and the spinal cord. CNS is coated and protected by myelin sheath that is made of fatty tissues (Slomski, 2005). The inflammation and damage of the myelin sheath causing it to form a scar (sclerosis). This results in a number of physical and mental symptoms, including weakness, loss of coordination, and loss of speech and vision. The way the disease affect people is always different; some people experience only a single attack and recover quickly, while others condition degenerate over time (Wexler, 2013). Hence, the diagnosis of MS is mostly done by eliminating the symptoms of other diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects both men and women, but generally, it is more common in women more than men. The disease is most usually diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, however, it can occur at any age. Someone with a family history of the disease is more likely to suffer from it. Although MS is not …show more content…
(Marieb, 2016). Myelin is the protective coat surrounding and insulating the nerve fibers of CNS. Myelin is fatty tissue substance that if attacked by immune cells causing a short-circuits in the current so that the successive gaps are excited more and more slowly, and eventually impulse conduction ceases which resulted in various forms of symptoms (Marieb, 2016). The degradation could either be “by inflammation, stroke, immune disorder, metabolic disorders, or nutritional deficiencies” (Slomski, 2005). The target that immune cells are sensitized to attack remains
pathophysiology of the disease starts when the myelin sheath of both the spinal and cranial
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease affecting the myelination of the central nervous system, leading to numerous issues regarding muscle strength, coordination, balance, sensation, vision, and even some cognitive defects. Unfortunately, the etiology of MS is not known, however, it is generally thought of and accepted as being an autoimmune disorder inside of the central nervous system (Rietberg, et al. 2004). According to a study (Noonan, et al. 2010) on the prevalence of MS, the disease affects more than 1 million people across the world, and approximately 85% of those that are affected will suffer from unpredictably occurring sessions of exacerbations and remissions. The report (Noonan, et al. 2010) found that the prevalence of MS was much higher in women than in men, and that it was also higher in non-Hispanic whites than in other racial or ethnic groups throughout the 3 regions of the United States that were studied.
Shwaan cells- form myelin sheath outside of the central nervous system and therefore exists in the peripheral nervous system will repair damaged axons.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the lymphocytes in the blood produce antibodies that destroy muscle-cell sites for the reception of acetylcholine molecules. Normally, acetylcholine is used in signal transmission between nerves and muscles, its goal is to provide muscle contractions.
Canavan Disease is a fatal neurological disease where there is significant damage to the nerve cells in the brain. There is a defect in the myelin sheath that causes many problems for the nervous system. The major problem is caused when the enzyme aspartoacyle is not present. This missing enzyme causes a chemical imbalance that causes this defect in the myelin sheath. The myelin in the brain destructs which makes it a spongy tissue. This causes overall muscle weakening and slower movements, leading to severe mental retardation. A recent study has shown that the cells in the brain that are responsible for making myelin sheaths (oligodendrocytes), cannot complete the task. When babies are born they may not show any signs at all until the first few months. This disease is only inherited and categorized under a group of diseases called leukodystrophies. Leukodystrophies gets its name because it means there is a degeneration of myelin, which is a fatty cushioning that shields nerve fibers. This makes the nerve signals very difficult to transmit. People with Canavan Disease life span can range from a couple days, months, or maybe even until their twenties (Genetics Home Reference, n.d.); (Canavan Foundation, n.d.).
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to be an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheaths, or oligodendrocytes that cover nerve axons in the central nervous system (PubMed Health 2013). This immune response causes inflammation, which triggers immune cells to destroy axons “along any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord” (PubMed Health 2013). When the myelin sheath “is damaged, nerve signals slow down or stop” thus hindering the propagation of action potentials and limiting function (PubMed Health 2013).
Myelination, aka axon insulation, increases action potential conduction up to 150m/s compared to 0.5-10m/s conduction velocities of unmyelnated axons!
Primarily, the term MS refers to a chronic disorder that attacks the central nervous system (CNS). It is most common in temperate continents such as Europe and Australia with Asiatic and African continents having a lower risk of the disease (Wiley Online Library, 2013). A search organised by the Multiple Sclerosis Society (2013) has estimated that there are 127,000 people living with MS in the United Kingdom. Further research by Chipps, Clanin, and Campbell (1992, pp. 158-167) shows that MS disorder more likely affects women than men with its symptoms occurring between the ages of 20 and 40 in most cases and is quite uncommon in childhood and old age. The nerve cells known as neurons in the brain constantly transmit and receive signals. They invoke emotions, activities and cognition that constitute the day to day experiences of humans. Under normal circumstances, these signals travel on a protected insulation path known as the myelin sheath. This insulation is vital as it enables signals to reach their target. In Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin sheath gets disintegrated causing the nerve fibre to be damaged leading to a disruption in the abili...
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. It is understood as an autoimmune disease, a condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks normal tissues. In Multiple Sclerosis, the patient’s own cells & antibodies attack the fatty myelin sheath that protects and insulates nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord, the two components of the CNS. This ultimately causes damage to the nerve cells and without the insulation the myelin sheath provides, nerve communication is disrupted. Hence, Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by symptoms that reflect central nervous system involvement (Luzzio, 2014).
Multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, is one of the humankind’s most mysterious diseases. Multiple sclerosis has the ability to affect nearly 3 million people worldwide. This disease tends to be more common in individuals of northern European descent and women are more than twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis as men are. Of those 3 million people, most of them are between the ages of 20 and 50 years old. Even though multiple sclerosis is a mystery disease, scientists are working to determine the exact cause and treatment.
With motor neurone disease it attacks the nerves, in the brain and spinal cord. This means messages gradually stop reaching muscles, which leads to weakness and wasting. In the case study the
The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds the axons of the nerves and provides protection. It allows messages to be sent rapidly and accurately to the axons from long distances (Serono, 2010). The axons are the part of the nervous system that allows electrical transmission of signals throughout the brain and spinal cord. Without these electrical transmissions, the body would not be able to function properly (Serono, 2010).
As for long-term sensitization, it has already been noted that it involves changes in both protein synthesis and gene regulation, unlike its short-term counterpart. Another difference between the two is that long-term involves structural modifications in many situations. An experiment had been previously conducted that involved taking neurons from a trained animal and an untrained animal. These neurons were then dyed. This allowed the axons and their branches to be more visible and distinct from each other. The branches are rather fine and have small varicosities, or swellings, along them. The varicosities are the presynaptic terminals of the sensory neurons that end up making contact with other neurons. Most often they make contact with motor neurons. One can see the different axons from the trained and untrained animals. The neuron from the trained animal was taken and dyed twenty-four hours after the animal had undergone sensitization training. This neuron clearly shows a larger quantity of branches and many more varicosities than the neuron of the untrained animal (App. 3).
Multiple Sclerosis also known as “MS,” is a neurological disease that affects the central nervous system targeting the brain, spinal cord and nerves within our eyes. Studies have shown that MS affects more women than it does men typically from the age of 20-50 years old. According to stats from “The Multiple Sclerosis Foundation,” there is an estimate of 400,000 Americans currently living with MS. Some doctors believe that the difference between the male and female brain is the link as to why more women are diagnosed. Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis have discovered a protein called “S1PR2”, which could be an association with Multiple Sclerosis. Through different tests and experiments these scientists found that women produce a higher level of this protein and that could be a key component as to why women are more likely at risk of contracting this disease. This disease affects each individual differently and it’s unpredictable as to who may be the next victim. Although MS is not hereditary, having a parent, brother or sister with it could increase a person's chances of developing it.
(Kuhn 2006 and silveri 2006) says that myelin is the fat tissue which forms around axons and speeds the neurotransmission which can enable the better communication with other regions