Task 3
P4
What is monetary environment and how does it affect businesses that trade internationally?
The monetary Environment comprises of the activities of a national bank, cash board or other administrative council that decide the size and rate of development of the cash supply, which thusly influences loan fees. Fiscal approach is kept up through activities, for example, altering the loan cost, purchasing or offering government securities, and changing the measure of cash banks are required to keep in the vault (bank holds). The Federal Reserve is responsible for the United States' money related arrangement.
Comprehensively, there are two sorts of monetary environment strategy, expansionary and contractionary. Expansionary fiscal strategy expands the cash supply keeping in mind the end goal to lower unemployment, support private-division acquiring and buyer spending, and
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In every country there is an exchange rate and when the exchange rates are low it would not benefit that business because they would have to pay more in order to be able to import or export those goods. The conversion standard will assume a vital part for firms who send out products and import crude materials. Basically:
• A deterioration (downgrading) will make sends out less expensive and trading firms will profit.
• In any case, firms importing crude materials will confront higher expenses of imports.
• A gratefulness makes sends out more costly and decreases the aggressiveness of trading firms.
• In any case, in any event crude materials (e.g. oil) will be less expensive after an appreciation.
Here is an example on to how it will affect a UK business:
Assume a British auto costs £4,000 to construct and offers for £5,000 in the UK.
• In 2007, the European cost of this auto would be €7,500 (5,000 *1.5)
• In 2008, the European cost of this auto would be €5,500 (5,000
Monetary Policy is another policy used in Keynesianism which is a list of protocols designed to regulate the economy by setting the amount of money that is in circulation and controlled interest levels. The Federal Reserve system, also known as the central banking system in the U.S., which holds control of this policy. Monetary policy has three tools used by the Federal Reserve to enforce this policy. Reserve Requirement is the first tool that determines the lowest amount of money a bank must possess and is not able to lend out. The second way to enforce monetary policy is by using the discount rate or the interest rate a bank will charge.
Business Introduction: The Commonwealth Bank was founded under the Commonwealth Bank Act in 1911 and commenced operations in 1912, empowered to conduct both savings and general banking business. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is currently Australia's leading provider of integrated financial services and the most recognised brand in the Australian financial services industry. Its financial services include retail, premium, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and share-broking products and services. The business’s approximate evaluation taking into consideration various factors comes down to a valuation range between 30 to 40 billion dollars.
The Federal Reserve System is the central banking authority of the United States. It acts as a fiscal agent for the United States government and is custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. Created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, it is comprised of 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Federal Advisory Council, and since 1976, a Consumer Advisory Council which includes several thousand member banks. The board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act to serve the public interest; it is governed by a board of nine directors, six of whom are elected by the member banks and three of whom are appointed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve banks are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Saint Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City and Dallas.
To put it simply, the exchange rate is a price. As with any other market, price is determined by supply and demand. Whenever they are not equivalent, the exchange rate would change. However, the reality comes to be far more complicated.
Everyone has their own political leaning and that leaning comes from one’s opinion about the Government. Peoples’ opinions are formed by what the parties say they will and will not do, the amounts they want spend and what they want to save. In macroeconomic terms, what the government spends is known as fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is the use of taxation and government spending for the purposes of stimulating or slowing down growth in an economy. Fiscal policy can be used for expansionary reasons, which is aimed at growing the economy and increasing employment, or contractionary which is intended to slow the growth of an economy. Expansionary fiscal policy features increased government spending and decreases in the tax rates as where contractionary policy focuses on lowering government spending and increasing tax rates. It must be understood that fiscal policy is meant to help the economy, although some negative results may arise.
Even before the creation of the Federal Reserve, banks were used by the public just as we use them today. Deposits were made into savings accounts. Loans were taken out to mortgage a home or finance a new business. Banknotes were issued and spent when the public borrowed from the banks. Borrowers spent these banknotes just as paper money is spent today. These bank notes were valued as money since they were backed by the promise that they would be exchanged on demand for either gold or silver.
Monetary and fiscal policy and their applications to the third world countries with a huge informal sector
The first major aspect of the monetary policy by the Federal Reserve is its interest rate policy. This interest rate policy is mainly determined by the figure for the federal funds rate, which is the rate at which commercial banks with balances held within the Federal Reserve can borrow from each other overnight in ord...
In the study of macroeconomics there are several sub factors that affect the economy either favorably or adversely. One dynamic of macroeconomics is monetary policy. Monetary policy consists of deliberate changes in the money supply to influence interest rates and thus the level of spending in the economy. “The goal of a monetary policy is to achieve and maintain price level stability, full employment and economic growth.” (McConnell & Brue, 2004).
According to federalreserveeducation.org, the term "monetary policy" refers to what the Federal Reserve, the nation 's central bank, does to influence the amount of money and credit in the U.S. economy, (n d). The tools used are diverse but the main ones are:
There are several factors affecting the money supply: spread between the discount rate and federal funds rate, required reserve ratio and open market operations. It is very important to understand that whenever the "DR charged by Fed is lower than the FFR charge by other banks; banks tend to borrow from the Fed.
Money Supply plays an important role in macroeconomic analysis, especially in selecting an appropriate monetary and fiscal policy. Considerably, I am yet to come across theoretical work that has been done on this topic (analysis money supply and its impact on other variable i.e. inflation, interest rate, real GDP and nominal GDP). However some other topics similar to this one have been done by AL-SHARKAS, Adel, where he uses the same technique and models on the topic ‘out put response to shocks to interest rate, inflation and stock returns. His work investigates the relationship between the Jordanian output and other macroeconomics variables such as inflation, interest rate and stock returns. His paper employs the VAR approach method of Lee (1992) to analyze the relation and dynamic interaction among variables. The IRF and the FEVD from the VAR model are computed in order to investigate interrelationships within the system. The empirical results indicate that Interest rate and inflation are weakly negatively correlated and real stock returns and inflation is very weakly positively correlated for all leads and lags are negatively associated. Furthermore, the response of output (IPG) to shocks in stock returns (R1) is strongly positive up to the first 6 periods and after which the effect almost dies. This indicates that the relationship between stocks returns (R1) and real activity (IPG) is positive and inflation has a negative impact on IPG (Adel A. Al-Sharkas 2004).
These two policies use to try to shorten recessions. Fiscal policy has its initial impact in the goods markets, then monetary policy has its initial impact mainly in the assets markets, which both effect on both level of output and interest rates. (R. Dornbusch et al., 2008)
There is one thing that differentiates the international business with the domestic business where it uses more than one currency in the commercial transaction. For example, if a company from British purchases some goods from a company from US, the international transaction will require for exchanging pounds and U.S. dollars which involve the foreign exchange market. In the foreign exchange market, any country that wish to do business with foreign country, the country need to convert their domestic currency into the foreign currency that they are wish to cooperate with through foreign exchange.
The macroeconomic environment is a dynamic environment, which could not remain unchanged (Gajewsky 2015). There are many factors influence the global macroeconomic environment, such as interest rate, exchange rate, GDP，aggregate demand, monetary policy and other macroeconomic variable (Oxelheim and Wihlborg 2008). These factors are closely associated with commodity price.