Introduction
A molar pregnancy (hydatidiform mole) is a mass of tissue that grows in the uterus after conception. The mass is created by an egg that was not fertilized correctly. The egg then abnormally grows. It is an abnormal pregnancy and does not develop into a fetus. If a molar pregnancy is suspected by your health care provider, treatment is required.
What are the causes?
This condition is caused by an egg that is fertilized incorrectly so that it has abnormal genetic material (chromosomes). This can result in one of two types of molar pregnancies:
Complete molar pregnancy. All of the chromosomes in the fertilized egg come from the father; none comes from the mother.
Partial molar pregnancy. The fertilized egg has chromosomes from the
father and mother, but it has too many chromosomes. What increases the risk? This condition is more likely to develop in: Women who are over the age of 35 or under the age of 20. Women who have had a molar pregnancy in the past (though there is an extremely small chance of it happening again). Other possible risk factors include: Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day. History of infertility. Having a certain blood type (A, B, AB). Having vitamin A deficiency. Using oral contraceptives. What are the signs or symptoms? Symptoms of this condition include: Vaginal bleeding. Missed menstrual period. Uterus that grows faster than normal. Severe nausea and vomiting. Severe pressure or pain in the uterus. Abnormal ovarian cysts (theca lutein cysts). Grape-like discharge from the vagina. High blood pressure (early onset of preeclampsia). Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Anemia. How is this diagnosed? This condition is diagnosed based on: Ultrasound test. Results of blood tests. How is this treated? Usually, treatment is not needed for this condition as most molar pregnancies end on their own by miscarriage. However, a health care provider may need to manage this condition by: Dilation and curettage (D&C), or suction curettage. Even if a molar pregnancy ends on its own, a health care provider needs to make sure that all the abnormal tissue is out of the womb. In this procedure, any remaining molar tissue is removed through the vagina. Chemotherapy. After diagnosis of a molar pregnancy, the pregnancy hormone levels must be followed until the level is zero. If the pregnancy hormone level does not drop as it should, chemotherapy may be necessary. Rho (D) immune globulin. This is a medicine that helps to prevent problems in future pregnancies that can be caused by a protein on red blood cells (Rh factor). You may be given this medicine if you do not have an Rh factor (you are Rh negative) and your sex partner has an Rh factor (he is Rh positive). Follow these instructions at home: Avoid getting pregnant for 6–12 months, or as directed by your health care provider. Use a reliable form of birth control or do not have sex. Take over-the-counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider. Get all suggested lab tests and ultrasound tests. Gradually return to normal activities. Think about joining a support group. Ask for help if you are struggling with grief. Keep all follow-up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important. CancelCopy and Navigate
Instead of focusing on what others were or were not doing, I decided to start focusing on me and goals I wanted to accomplish. One day, I was on the computer surfing the net and happened to get on social media. I happened to come by a post about The Birth Well doula training. A doula is a professional birth support person who assist women emotionally, physically, and with information during pregnancy, birth, and for a short while during postpartum. This sounded like a perfect opportunity to exercise my getting out and broadening my circle and meeting new people all the while fulfilling my birth worker goals from long ago. I decided to look into it, so on the day of the Q & A meeting I attended. I learned about the process, and I signed up for the classes. I was both super excited, and also super nervous at the same time because my family and I were experiencing financial hardships at the time, and I was about to be taking $400 dollars of our funds and investing into a career that was all up to me on whether or not it flourished.
Meiosis, also called reduction division, is a distinct type of cell division that is essential for sexual reproduction to occur. It is one in which two successive divisions of diploid cell occur thereby producing four genetically different haploid daughter cells, also called gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes and thus, half the total amount of genetic material as compared to the amount before meiosis began. Interphase precedes meiosis and thus, paves the way for meiosis to eventuate as the cell’s DNA replicates in the S phase yielding corresponding, identical chromosomes. Interphase sparks the marvelous process of meiosis that allows variation to transpire within the organisms it occurs, hence, giving rise to millions of organisms with unique aspects unlike any other on Earth. Because meiosis is a form of sexual reproduction itself, it is the means through which gametes are produced, each with a reduced number of chromosomes, so that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, not only do they form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes, but also have manifested differing features due to the rearrangement (crossing-over) of chromosomes.
chromosome is called a haploid cell. Meioses produces haploid daughter. cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell. However, mitosis is a form of cell division that produces. daughter cells identical to the parent during repair or growth.
Most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited. When the condition is caused by trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells in a parent. The abnormality usually occurs in egg cells, but it occasionally occurs in sperm cells. An error in cell division called nondisjunction results in a reproductive cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of chromosome 21. If one of these atypical reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have an extra chromosome 21 in each of the body's cells.
This syndrome occurs by natural selection in which the condition arises from chromosomal nondisjunction during meiosis in this process, the 46 chromosomes in the cell separate, ulimatiing producing two new cells having 23 chromosomes each. Before meiosis is completed, however, chromosomes pair with their corresponding chromosomes and exchange bits of genetic material. In women, X-chromosomes pair, in men, the X and Y-chromosomes separate, and meiosis continues. Otherwise it is not something that happens by the law of nature in which you are randomly chosen in its specific frame of how many times it happens, whom it effects, and how it happens. There is really no specific frame in which it invariably happens. It is known through that it happens during the process of meiosis in which chromosomes split.
I decided to do my research report on dentistry because it is a perfect blend of science and art. It is a science in that you must fully comprehend on the different types of diagnostic and procedures you are doing. It is an art in that you are constantly working with your hands to create a beautiful smile. The impact you make on helping a person achieve an impeccable smile is not one to compare with materialistic things like money or cars. People often mistake dentist as only doing practices when in fact they could do more, like research. I was fortunate enough to have been given the opportunity to interview Dr. Sarah Pham, DDS, a close family friend who practices dentistry in her own private office in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Pham was
The merger of two germinal cells, one being a sperm cell and the other being an egg cell, is complete within twelve hours, at which time the egg is fertilized and becomes a zygote containing forty six chromosomes required to create a new human life. It is during this remarkable process when conception occurs. Conception confirms life and makes that undeveloped human one of a kind (Rorvik & Shettles, 1983, p. 16). Many researchers, as well as scientists, identify the first moments of life as the instant when a sperm cell unites with an ovum, o...
The egg is covered with a hard protein shell that called a zona. No sperm is just strong enough to break this shell, so the sperm has to introduce itself properly first. Once the sperm goes through and completes all of the challenges. The egg and sperm take over and begin developing a baby. The development of a baby goes through three trimesters before the parents get to meet their “Life’s Greatest
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that occurs during formation of sperm and egg cells and gives them the correct number of chromosomes. Since a sperm and egg unite during fertilization, each must have only half the number of chromosomes other body cells have. Otherwise, the fertilized cell would have too many.
a single egg or the fertilization of two eggs. In the case of dizygotic twins,
Deconstructing Michel Foucault's The Perverse Implantation In The Perverse Implantation, Michel Foucault argues that while the majority of discourse on sexuality prior to the 18th century focused solely on marriage, discourses on sex increasingly became more concerned with those who were outside the bond of marriage, namely, children, homosexuals, the mentally ill etc. Foucault then points out three major arenas where the exercising of the power to make distinctions in sexuality are actually encouraging and proliferating sexual perversion, rather than repressing it. Throughout his argument, he explores questions such as “What is the purpose of codifying a sexual norm?” and illuminates the reader on why we ought to abandon the repressive hypothesis.
Surrogate Motherhood is when one women carries to term the fertilized egg of another woman. This procedure is chosen by married couples who can not conceive a child in the “natural way”. In some occasions the mother may be able to produce an egg, but has no womb or some other physical problem which prevents her from carrying a child. Whether or not the husband can produce a large amount of sperm is not a problem. Once the egg and sperm are combined in a petri dish fertilization is very likely to occur.
Once the sperm fuses with the ovum both chromosomes will pair up and begin the first stages of cell division.
are thought to have the potential to form any part of the fetus (Leese, Conaghan,
From observing the origin of the 2-bp deletion of the ND2 gene of the mtDNA from the paternal germ line, it is thought that this mutation occurred in embryogenesis and thus paternal leakage of the mtDNA was mainly exhibited during early stages of fertilization and embryo development (Schwartz & Vissing 2002).