Development Of The Human Zygote

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Development of the Human Zygote

Hundreds of thousands of times a year a single-celled zygote, smaller

than a grain of sand, transforms into an amazingly complex network of cells, a

newborn infant. Through cellular differentiation and growth, this process is

completed with precision time and time again, but very rarely a mistake in the

"blueprint" of growth and development does occur. Following is a description of

how the pathways of this intricate web are followed and the mistakes which

happen when they are not.

The impressive process of differentiation changes a single-cell into a

complicated system of cells as distinct as bold and bone. Although embryonic

development takes approximately nine months, the greatest amount of cellular

differentiation takes place during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. This

period is called embryogenesis.

During the first week after fertilization, which takes place in the

Fallopian tube, the embryo starts to cleave once every twenty-four hours (Fig.

1). Until the eight or sixteen cell stage, the individual cells, or blastomeres,

are thought to have the potential to form any part of the fetus (Leese, Conaghan,

Martin, and Hardy, April 1993). As the blastomeres continue to divide, a solid

ball of cells develops to form the morula (Fig. 1). The accumulation of fluid

inside the morula, transforms it into a hollow sphere called a blastula, which

implants itself into the inner lining of the uterus, the endometrium (Fig. 1).

The inner mass of the blastula will produce the embryo, while the outer layer of

cells will form the trophoblast, which eventually will provide nourishment to

the ovum (Pritchard, MacDonald, and Gant, 1985).

Figure 1:Implantation process and development during

embryogenesis (Pritchard, MacDonald and

Gant, 1985)

During the second week of development, gastrulation, the process by

which the germ layers are formed, begins to occur. The inner cell mass, now

called the embryonic disc, differentiates into a thick plate of ectoderm and an

underlying layer of endoderm. This cellular multiplication in the embryonic

disc marks the beginning of a thickening in the midline that is called the

primitive streak. Cells spread out laterally from the primiti...

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normal infant. When something does go wrong, the embryo or fetus will

unfortunately have some type of defect. The amazing accuracy with which a

single cell can become something as complex as a newborn infant is a truley

incredible feat!

Works Cited

Baker, David A. "Danger of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection." Contemporary

OB/GYN April 1990: 52.

Carlson, Bruce M. Patten's Foundations of Embryology. McGraw-Hill Inc. 1981.

Cunningham, MacDonald, and Gant. Williams Obstetrics, Supplement no. 10. 18th

ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Februay/March 1991: 2,3.

"Folic Acid for the Prevetion of Recurrent Neural Tube Defect." Medicine March

1993.

Harrison, Ross G. Organization and Develpment of the Embryo. Yale University

Press. 1969.

Leese, Conaghan, Martin, and Hardy. "Early Human Embryo Metabolism." Bio

Essays vol. 15, No. 4 April 1993: 259.

Pritchard, MacDonald, and Gant. Williams Obstetrics. 17th ed, Prentice-Hall,

Inc. 1985: 139-142, 800.

Pritchard, MacDonald, and Gant. Williams Obstetrics, Supplement no. 13. 17th

ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc. July/August 1987: 2.

"Teratology." ACOG Technical Bulletin February 1985.

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