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Impact of Stalin's collectivsation
Living conditions in Russia before the Russian revolution
Rape in literature
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In the early 20th century, Russian society grappled with social conflicts that were common in the farther reaches of the globe. An obvious problem within early Russian history was the complete mistreatment of women in an overly patriarchal society. In a society based on male dominance it is important to attempt to find when public sentiment shifted towards a more equal approach to the sexes. As if the mistreatment of women was not bad enough, it is evident that strong-armed government influence existed in early Russian society. A detailed understanding of these dilemmas is key to understanding the larger picture of early history in Russia. A disconnect between genders was exhibited in early Russian culture. The objectification of women was a common problem in the Soviet society. In Mikhail Sholokhov’s And Quiet Flows The Don, there is an abundant amount of examples detailing men’s attitudes toward women. Early on in the novel there is a disturbing depiction of rape between Aksinia Astakhov and her father. It is difficult to comprehend the motives behind an act of rape, especially when coupled with incest, but that is not occurrence of rape within the novel. Further on there is a particularly vivid account of a gang rape scene between multiple Cossack soldiers and a young woman. Although particularly difficult to read, this moment further illustrates the female objectification present in this time-period by clarifying the commonality of the abhorrent treatment of women. Furthermore, it is revealed that the men are more than willing to resort to violence if it is necessary to keep the rape a secret, “Breath a word… and, by Christ, we’ll kill you!” (186). In a different aspect of everyday life, at times it seems that women are not... ... middle of paper ... ... power due to the installation of collectivization. Due to laws forbidding the private sale of individually produced goods, the peasantry is forced to rely on whatever is being sold at the market each day. Additionally in Volodina’s Election Day the lack of effort regarding the conditions of housing is an indicator of what is truly important to the decision-makers in the Soviet government. Couple the housing inaction with the coercive elections shown in the story and a clear picture of government influence is evident in soviet society. Throughout the reign of Lenin and then Stalin the change from a patriarchal society to a more equal society has certainly been a positive outcome. The seemingly dictatorial and coercive government, however, was not a favorable outcome. It is clear that there is much room for improvement in Russian society at the end of Stalin’s reign.
Moss, W., 2014. A History of Russia Volume 2: Since 1855. 1st ed. London, England: Anthem Press London, pp.112-113.
Tucker, Robert C. "Stalinism as Revolution from Above". Stalinism. Edited by Robert C. Tucker. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1999.
In order to establish whether Lenin did, indeed lay the foundation for Stalinism, two questions need to be answered; what were Lenin’s plans for the future of Russia and what exactly gave rise to Stalinism? Official Soviet historians of the time at which Stalin was in power would have argued that each one answers the other. Similarly, Western historians saw Lenin as an important figure in the establishment of Stalin’s socialist state. This can be partly attributed to the prevailing current of pro-Stalin anti-Hitler sentiments amongst westerners until the outbreak of the cold war.
When Stalin became leader of the USSR the quality of life and standard of living dropped considerably. For instance the people had no personal freedom. Meaning that they had to worship Stalin as all other religions had been abolished and most churches had been demolished. The people who went into those churches that were left standing were arrested or punished otherwise. Soon there were food shortages. Somewhere between 1932 and 1933 over 6 million people died of starvation. This was the greatest man made famine in history. The famine came as a result of Stalin’s unrealistic goals . Also, people had poor family lives. Abortions came a dime a dozen as did divorces. Wedding rings were banned. There was insufficient housing, as some people had to live in tents. This may be because of workers not working hard enough. Maybe if the workers worked harder they could have received better housing.
Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution, The Russian Revolution, and Rethinking the Russian Revolution. Writing of an annotated bibliography of the topic. 2. Selection and reading of the sources to determine which ones are the most relevant and comprehensive 3. Finding opposing arguments to give and analytical view with multiple perspectives 4.
Stalin’s hunger for power and paranoia impacted the Soviet society severely, having devastating effects on the Communist Party, leaving it weak and shattering the framework of the party, the people of Russia, by stunting the growth of technology and progress through the purges of many educated civilians, as well as affecting The Red Army, a powerful military depleted of it’s force. The impact of the purges, ‘show trials’ and the Terror on Soviet society were rigorously negative. By purging all his challengers and opponents, Stalin created a blanket of fear over the whole society, and therefore, was able to stay in power, creating an empire that he could find more dependable.
While most of Europe had develop strong central governments and weakened the power of the nobles, Russia had lagged behind the times and still had serfs as late as 1861. The economic development that followed the emancipation of peasants in the rest of Europe created strong industrial and tax bases in those nations. Russian monarchs had attempted some level of reforms to address this inequality for almost a century before, and were indeed on their way to “economic maturity” (32) on par with the rest of Europe. But they overextended themselves and the crushing defeats of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and the First World War in 1917 lost them the necessary support from their subjects and created “high prices and scarcity” which were by far “the most obvious factors in the general tension”
The Effect of the Bolshevik Rule on Russian Culture Bolshevik cultural policy was based on spreading their values to the population. They attempted to promote equality to create a classless society. In addition to removing class differences they attempted to give equal status to women and to young people. In order to encourage women to work state funded crèches were established and laws passed to give women parity in terms of pay with men. The state tried to destroy the old concept of families by legalising abortion and enabling people to obtain divorces much more simply.
Gender roles in Russia have dramatically changed since the fall of the former Soviet Union and the fall of communism. It is hard to look directly at the constitution of Russia seeing as though the drafting and redrafting of their constitution is still underway. However, looking at the constitution of the former Soviet Union, you can see it is clearly stated that: “Women and men have equal rights.” It is very clear that in the Soviet Union they were trying to make it so that women and men were equal. It is still clear today that those same basic ideals are present in Russia. Women are clearly more equal in their country than in ours. In the workforce as well as in the home, women play a more equal role than in the present day United States. However, for the sake of this paper, let us just look at the infrastructure of Russia, formerly known as the Soviet Union or USSR.
Stalin continued even once he was successful in accomplishing those goals, as he did not stop hurting people, but if anything it gave him more power to hurt people even more. But, at the end of the day, although Lenin ruled for only a very short time, he did raise the standard of living, though there maintained a large amount of hardship. Stalin, however, transformed the USSR from a peasantry to an industrialized nation in less than a decade, he did it on the backs of his millions of victims, who died because of his harsh policies and many purges. Lenin made a series of policies throughout the beginning of the Revolution and through his short time in public office that came to be collectively known as ‘Leninism’. There were many things that influenced Leninism, such as Karl Marx.
But, some women are still treated the same way they were treated in the 1940’s. Paternalistic tradition still occurs in Russia, along with other countries. This confirms that there are some similarities and differences in treating women in today’s society compared to the early days. Male domination resulted in the denied rights and unequal distribution of responsibilities a husband and wife should have. Without women, we wouldn’t exist.
In conclusion, despite the Gentry’s keeping of former estates, Lenin and the Bolsheviks created a new society to a large extent after the October Revolution in 1917. The post October 1917 society can be regarded as radically and thoroughly transformed by the Bolsheviks, taking the removal of bourgeoisie’s privilege, the separation of Church and State, and the emergence of a new form of social justice supported by an anti-bourgeois legal system into account.
Wood, A. (1986). The Russian Revolution. Seminar Studies in History. (2) Longman, p 1-98. ISBSN 0582355591, 9780582355590
The period is the early 19th century; those involved and discussed in this essay are for the most part Russian gentry. Increasingly relaxed social mores in the “developed” world, including the greater freedom to choose to whom one gets married to as well as increased women’s sexual rights, were much more uncommon during the time that War and Peace takes place. Tolstoy, an outspoken critic of arranged marriages, uses the characters in his novel as a way of exploring the various types of love, and in general the interactions between men and women of the time. This essay will attempt to focus on these relationships in an effort to get a better idea of Tolstoy’s views on the proper roles that men and women should play as friends, lovers, or spouses. By exploring the male/female relationships among the noble families, a detailed picture of both the expectations and realms of acceptable behavior will be established.
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford, 2005. Print.