Medieval Apothecaries
An Apothecary was a pharmacist in the Middle Ages. Apothecaries kept a shop or store of such nonperishable resources as spices, drugs, and preserves. Apothecaries prepared and sold what we would call today, drugs, but it was not until the end of the eighteenth century that the profession of apothecary was clearly recognized.
Apothecaries, mostly men, were the first ones believed to trade in the Middle East. The knowledge of apothecaries gradually transmitted into Europe from merchants and traders. In the early Middle Ages the apothecary would cultivate all of the plants and herbs he would need for his medicines himself. In a later time, formal supply chains developed with individuals growing plants to order or supply to apothecaries. The recipes that each apothecary would use were passed down through the generations. These recipes were closely guarded seeing as the most successful apothecary would get more business.
In 1606 the Society of Apothecaries of London was founded by James VI of Scotland and was associated with the Guild of Grocers. In 1617, a new cha...
Eupriedes, Medea and Sappho’s writing focus on women to expose the relationships between a variety of themes and the general ideal that women are property. The main characters in both pieces of literature demonstrate similar situations where love and sex result in a serious troll. These themes affected their relationship with themselves and others, as well as, incapability to make decisions which even today in society still affects humans. Headstrong actions made on their conquest for everlasting love connects to sacrifices they made to achieve their goal which ultimately ended in pain. Love and sex interferes with development of human emotions and character throughout the course
The Ara Pacis (“Altar of Augustan Peace” in Latin) is one of the most representative works of Augustan art. The monument was dedicated on 4 July 13 B.C to honor the return of Augustus after three years in Spain and Gaul, which were his last military operations, and commemorate military victories. The altar was an impressive example of the culture of Rome in general and illustration of prosperous Rome. The monument is a visual medium to represent that peace is the result of military victories and his proconsular power on the land and sea. Karl Galinsky, a Professor of Classics at the University of Texas at Austin says that the Ara Pacis is linked with the concept that pace is the result of military victories. According to him, Augustus mentioned the importance of the Ara Pacis in Res Gestae by saying, “On my return from Spain and Gaul in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, after I had successfully arranged affairs in those provinces, the senate decreed that an altar of the Augustan Peace should be consecrated next to the Campus Martius in honor of my return, and ordered that the magistrates and priests and the Vestal Virgins perform an annual sacrifice there” (Karl Galinsky, 1996). He avoided building an altar in the senate chamber to honor his return. Instead, he ordered to build an altar to Pax Agusta in which one mile away from the sacred boundary of the city. It means that the altar was meant not only to be a monument of military achievement, but also a vision of the Roman religion. This research aims on function, structure of the altar, and reliefs on each side of the precinct wall.
WAS THE TIME PERIOD BETWEEN 400 AD AND 1400 AD A “DARK AGE” FOR EUROPE?
Traditions demonstrate a set of social norms that have been followed and adapted to for an elongated amount of time. In each of the plots, Medea, The Piano, and The Age of Innocence, the standard set by society was broken and the consequences imposed took form in varying degrees and shapes of violence. Whether it was outright murder as in Medea, or a more subtle but intense struggle as in The Age of Innocence, these consequences serve as the community's opinion of this breach of its expectations for its members.
Medicine men utilize the use of herbs, ceremony, song, stories and prayer to treat each person individually. Medicine men’s healing beliefs advocates a personalized treatment plan for each individual’s unique health problems. Consequently The medicine man is unswervingly devoted to his calling for his entire life, both publicly and privately. Frequently he fasted and his thoughts would reflect upon the supernatural. Publicly his duties were numerous and onerous; dedicated children to the Great Spirit, carried out the setting up of the chief, conferred military honors on the warrior, held leadership positions for war, enforced orders, appointed officers for the buffalo hunts, and when planting the maize he decided on the time to plant.
Medieval Europe and feudal Japan were two societies that paralleled each other in various political, social, and cultural aspects. Feudalism was utilized by both and played a major role in determining relationships between the social classes. Japan and European had warriors that shared a similar code of ethics and valued loyalty, although they had differing views of death. Their cultures and religious views varied also. Although feudalism was a common aspect in both societies, their cultural backgrounds set them far apart.
Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, a 2011 book. 1629 - 1631. Print. The.
The Medieval Era The Medieval era is so easily generalized into the three orders of those who fight, those who work, and those who pray, or even simply divided into the privileged and unprivileged. These distinctions are important, for the ability of the church and manor to influence a peasant's actions and to take a peasant's earnings was obviously a central component of a peasant's life. However, when peasants constituted such a sizable majority of the population (over 90 percent), it is also important to recognize the distinctions among them. Some peasants were free and some were serfs. Some peasants were well off and some were barely subsisting.
assistants, 1641-1644. Arranged to accompany the reprints of the laws of 1660 and of 1. Boston:
Millions of years ago the procreant low lands in the river basins of Euphrates and Tigris was probably the home of some animal life, but no great civilizations. However, things change over time, and just a few thousand years ago the same fertile low lands in the river basins of Euphrates and Tigris became the home of a very rich and complex society. This first high society of man was located in what some still call "Mesopotamia". The word "Mesopotamia" is in origin a Greek name meaning "land between the rivers." The name is used for the area watered by the Euphrates and Tigris and its tributaries, roughly comprising modern Iraq and part of Syria. South of modern Bagdad, this alluvial plain was called the land of Sumer and Akkad. Sumer is the most southern part, while the land of Akkad is the area around modern Bagdad, where the Euphrates and Tigris are closest to each other. This first high, Mesopotamian society arose as a combined result of various historical, institutional, and religious factors. The reality of these factors occurring at a specific place within the fabric of space / time indeed established the basis for this first high civilization. Items like irrigation, topography, and bronze-age technical innovations played a big part along with the advent of writing and the practice of social conditioning (through the use of organized religion) in this relatively early achievement of man.
In European history, the Middle Ages lasted from the fifth to the fifteenth century. The Middle Ages began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance. The barbarian invaders, formed new kingdoms in the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and the Middle East were under the rule of an Islamic empire. During the Middle Ages, people had different religious beliefs (than the church); this was referred to as heresy. This caused people of the church and political officials to fight . The Dark Ages is an accurate characterization of the Middle Ages in some respects, however there were positive aspects of that time that contradict that perception. Government, culture, education, and the economy are factors that show how the Middle Ages changed over time in both positive and negative ways.
February 2014. http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-02.htm. Sommerville, J.P. Economy and Society in Early Modern England. The "Social structure" of the. February 2014.
...ition of spices into the market during the Middle Ages not only created an economic boom but also led to the change in social, political, and religious outlooks of society. The vast importance of the spice trade opened the doors for nations to expand and create new relationships with neighboring regions, but most importantly it allowed individuals such as Columbus, Da Gama, Polo and other explorers to be able to discover new domains that eventually led to the colonization of the Americas today. Paul Freedman’s book does an excellent job in enlightening the reader of how meaningful spices were throughout the centuries and with the help of numerous primary sources, the message was clear just after reading the first chapter. The book allows us to have a better understanding of the fundamental importance spices played in shifting the medieval times into the modern era.
Pharmacy is a very misunderstood career in the medical field. Many people believe that pharmacists only count and sort pills, but there is actually much more than what meets the eye. Pharmacists have a variety of responsibilities that they perform throughout their careers. They often fill prescriptions for patients, which does involve counting and sorting pills. However, they take it a step further, and work with patients to ensure all their current medications won 't have many negative effects when taken together. They also give instructions on how to take medications, and advise patients on various health topics, such as exercise and diets. They need to keep track of all important insurance forms and other records for their patients, and