Metabolism and Energy: Catabolism and Anabolism

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Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occur and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. Metabolism is of two types: Catabolism: in this process molecules break down producing energy

Anabolism: in this process synthesis of essential compounds needed by the cells are produced (such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis).

Bioenergetics describes the metabolic pathways by which a cell obtains energy. Nutrition science studies the relation between the food substance and living things. The study deals with:

1) Body requirements of various substances.

2) The function of various substances in the body.

3) The amount of the substances needed.

4) The lower levels below which health gets affected.

The food which we eat supplies energy (calories) and supplies essential chemicals which the body cannot synthesize by itself. Food provides substances that are essential for building and repair of body tissues. Food provides substances for efficient functioning of the body.

Energy is trapped in complex chemical compounds and nutrients. These compounds are broken down to obtain energy. Humans acquire energy from carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The chemical energy in these molecules is altered into thermal, kinetic, and other chemical forms.

NUTRIENTS

Lipids, Carbohydrates, and proteins serve as a fuel for the human body. The nutrients are broken down into smaller units in the alimentary tract and are absorbed into the blood. The chemical energy of digestive end products is transformed into useful work by the tissues and the cells. The majority of the absorbed products contain monosaccharides, glucose, and monoacylglycerol, long chain of fatty acids, peptides and amino acids. Once these prod...

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...o reactions.

CONCLUSION

Proper regulation is carried out in the transformation of chemical energy of fuel molecules into useful energy. Several factors control the use of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids by cells. All cells do not have proper enzyme machinery and compartments to use all the three molecules. Red blood cells are cannot oxidize fatty acids and amino acids as they are devoid of mitochondria. The substrate used by the cell changes according to the physiological situation of the cell. Such situations are commanded by different signals. The hormones exert powerful effects that can change the whole cell metabolic profile. Therefore, one should know all the metabolic pathways which control the energy conversion and regulation.

Works Cited

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nutrient-utilization-in-humans-metabolism-pathways-14234029

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