Bacterial infections are a problem among people of all ages and populations for centuries. Bacterial infections differ from viral infections, flu or cold. Meropenem is newer to the market than many other medications, as it was only approved by the FDA on June 24, 1996. Meropenem treats complicated intra-abdominal infections and skin and skin structure infections (2). These types of treatments are for both adults and children and are also used for children with bacterial meningitis. “To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Merrem I.V. [Meropenem] and other antibacterial drugs, Merrem I.V. [Meropenem]. should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be …show more content…
Meropenem will inhibit cell wall formation and facilitate bacteria cell lysis. Its primary function is a bactericidal agent. It will inhibit the third and final stage of a bacterial cells wall. Meropenem binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins located inside the bacterial cell wall. Meropenem attacks the gram negative bacteria binding sites between carbapenems. There are four mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. They decrease the permeability of the outer membrane of Gram-negative organisms, decrease affinity for the target penicillin-binding proteins, over-expression of efflux pumps, and enzymatic degradation …show more content…
One study that was conducted was on a series of 515 patients. These patients were greater than or equal to 3 months of age but less than 13 years of age. They were being treated for serious bacterial infections. These patients were given 10 to 20 mg/kg of Meropenem every 8 hours. The most common results seen were diarrhea, rash, nausea, and vomiting. Another stody of 321 pediatric patients with the age range starting from 3 months but less than 17 years of age with meningitis were given 40mg/kg of Meropenem every 8 hours. These resulting side effects include diarrhea, rash, oral monilasis, and flossitis. When looking at the adult patients there was a test of 2904 immunocompetent patients. These patients were given 500mg to 1,000mg of Meropenem ever 8 hours. There were 5 deaths, 36 patients were stopped with treatment due to adverse events, and many patients were severely ill and had other background diseases (1). Some of the major adverse reactions include inflammation at the injection site, injection site reaction, phlebitis/thrombophlebitis, pain at injection site, and edema at the injection site. Other common side effects were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, other GI-related events, anorexia, flatulence, ileus, dyspepsia, and GI obstruction. Another major concern with taking this medication is the potential for seizures, mostly seen in patients who have central
Art has been the reflection, interpretation and representation of artists' beliefs and morals eternally. Various artists stand for different matters that quite possibly affect their lives, or might be of an interest to them. Norval Morrisseau is an artist that I was intrigued by his portrayal and the techniques used in his paintings. In this paper, we are going to look at the implementation of Morrisseau's painting style used to expose his philosophies of different aspects in his life.
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
Meanwhile, a study made by Palmer found that inhaled antibiotics used as adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy has proven to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDR VAP (6). The study also showed a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance with the se of systematic antibiotics. Aerosolized antibiotic used in this study that are proven to be effective are: amikacin, colistin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and yancomycin.
The molecular formula is C23H27FN4O2, with a molecular weight of 410.49 (Ereshefsky & Mascarena, 2003). Route of administration is oral. Once the drug passes the esophagus and stomach, it makes its way into the small intestines. There are beds of capillaries within the intestine walls.
Sterile compounding is the preparation of products that should be free from all viable forms of life. There are more stringent requirements for sterile compounding than there are for non-sterile compounding. Staff must be trained and tested on their aseptic processing abilities, cleaner aseptic facilities are required, the quality of air entering the aseptic facility must be evaluated and maintained, sterilisation processes must be effective, knowledge of solution stability is needed and sterility testing of the products is required. The most common type of compounded sterile preparations (CSP) used clinically are aqueous injections. These CSPs require greater attention when being prepared as they pose the greatest risk to the patient if they are non-sterile or contain the wrong ingredients and/or wrong concentrations of ingredients if they are given intravenously. The main objective of sterile compounding is to prevent both morbidity and mortality of patients, which can be caused by non-sterility of preparations, high bacterial endotoxin content and errors associated with ingredients of the preparation, as mentioned earlier.
...ould reconstitute to the final concentration of 100mg/ml first, then solution must be further dilute into 1mg/ml or 2mg/ml by adding 5ml of the original solution to 500ml or 250ml of normal saline or other compatible solution. It should be administer over 3 hours for 1mg/ml or over 1 hour for 2mg/ml for intermittent administration, and for oral form, it should be one hour before or two hours after meal. Beside that, a key thing to educate patient and family are to minimize direct sunlight during treatment, can only take magnesium or aluminum 2 hours before or after taking this drugs. On the other hand, when giving azithromycin to patient, the nurse should monitor for loose stool or diarrhea, monitor closely for PT and INR with concurrent use of warfarin, and especially report any sign and symptom of hypersensitivity because it can be serious even though it is rare.
Maus is a graphic memoir by Art Spiegelman, about a father, Vladek, survivor of the Holocaust and a son, Arty, who wants to know what was it like living during the Holocaust era. During the holocaust years, Vladek was advised by a rabbi that his tattooed number will bring him luck. Throughout the story, he continues to personify the luck his number represents by being persistent and hardworking. Despite suffering starvation, thirst, and not feeling well, Vladek continues to remain humble by helping his fellow inmates. Many years passed after the war ended, Vladek was portrayed as this conservative man, but there was a reason behind that mask. Vladek did not want people to step over him like he was stepped on before; he wanted to teach Arty
The study was based on the Oslo study, which stated that the current treatments of mercurial ointment were of no benefit, and that going untreated was more beneficial for the patient in the end (Brandt, 1978). Participants were given full physical exams, radiographs, and lumbar punctures that were conducted by the United States Public Health Services (Brandt, 1978). To guarantee that the men would show up for the lumbar puncture, researchers sent a letter to the participant titled, “Last Chance for Special Free Treatment,” (Brandt, 1978). Research continued, and in 1945, penicillin became approved to treat syphilis (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The USPHS could have incorporated this treatment into their study, but chose to prevent the men from getting treatment, and never informed the p...
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
In “The Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop, the narrator attempts to understand the relationship between humans and nature and finds herself concluding that they are intertwined due to humans’ underlying need to take away from nature, whether through the act of poetic imagination or through the exploitation and contamination of nature. Bishop’s view of nature changes from one where it is an unknown, mysterious, and fearful presence that is antagonistic, to one that characterizes nature as being resilient when faced against harm and often victimized by people. Mary Oliver’s poem also titled “The Fish” offers a response to Bishop’s idea that people are harming nature, by providing another reason as to why people are harming nature, which is due to how people are unable to view nature as something that exists and goes beyond the purpose of serving human needs and offers a different interpretation of the relationship between man and nature. Oliver believes that nature serves as subsidence for humans, both physically and spiritually. Unlike Bishop who finds peace through understanding her role in nature’s plight and acceptance at the merging between the natural and human worlds, Oliver finds that through the literal act of consuming nature can she obtain a form of empowerment that allows her to become one with nature.
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
Thesis: With the advent of antibiotics in 1929 Fleming said, "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops.Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant."With the overuse of antibiotics today we have seen this very idea come to be.Over usage is caused most prevalently by a lack of education on the part of the patient.Thus stated, the way to overcome such a circumstance is to educate, not only the patient but also the physician.
Secondary:Curtis, L. (2008). Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions. Journal of Hospital Infection, 69(3), 204-219. Revised 01/20
Medical science and pharmaceutical researchers need to vigorously investigate the many factors contributing to the decline in antibiotic efficacy which will then empower them to research and develop a new generation of antibiotic therapies. Aligned with this is the responsibility of each individual to manage their health and expectations with regard to treatment. For example, individuals could adopt better ways of maintaining their immune systems by means of a healthy diet and exercise.