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Explain types of memory devices
Explain types of memory devices
Explain types of memory devices
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This essay aims to discuss how one can develop effective study skills through various techniques used in the encoding, storage and retrieval stages of the memory. The essay will first provide an insight as to how the memory functions. Secondly it will discuss the following techniques: elaborative rehearsal, mnemonics and retrieval methods and also providing evidence from researches done. Lastly it will discuss the following techniques; state dependant learning and interference as to how one can avoid any retrieval failures.
The memory describes as the mental capacity to retain and revive visual, auditory and physical information (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Through this, one is able to remember facts, events, impressions and many past experiences (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). There are three components to the memory. These are the sensory memory, short-term memory and the long-term memory (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). The sensory stage is where all types of stimuli are registered and processed (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Depending on the amount of attention and importance placed in the incoming information, will determine whether the information will enter the short-term memory (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). This describes the encoding phase that takes place in the short-term memory stage where the brain converts the information into a form in order for it to be contained for a later stage (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Owing to the limited space in the short-term memory, all information and stimuli that enters through here are subject to decay and further forgotten (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Only through emphasis and repetition will the information enter and stay in the long-term memory (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). This is where the storage phase takes place w...
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...t being tested by on the material leading before the exam results in better memory. In this research the students that were tested on the prose passage retained the information longer than the students who reread the prose passage. It is also beneficial to explain the study material that has been learnt to a person who does know about it, as it allows one to explain the material in their own words and therefore reinforcing the information in a different form (Goldstein, 2011).
There are moments where one fails to recall information when needed as this may be caused decay and interference. Decay occurs when information gradually disappears from the long-term memory (Sternberg, Sternberg, & Mio, 2012). Interference occurs when a recollection of one part of information disturbs the recollection of another part of information (Sternberg, Sternberg, & Mio, 2012).
A student seeking better retention of material taught in the class-room environment may employ the Cornell note-taking method. With such a method, the three sections of the note-taking outline can aid the student’s retention by improving encoding. For a student to be able to retain oncoming material, they first must be able to encode, as in interpret and internalize, oncoming material (Faber, Morris, & Lieberman, 2000). The note-taking section forces the student to use elaborative rehearsal which helps material reach long-term storage. The cue section uses recoding to deepen the material’s encoding. And the summary section makes the student reprocess what they’ve written down to prolong its retention. As these sections must be filled out separately, the student is expected to return to the notes at least three times in a twenty-four hour period. This immediacy in review may help the student retain the material to a greater extent. Thus, the process can serve as a vantage point for learning with Cornell note-taking as it encourages retention by improving encoding during the process of note-taking and guaranteeing review of the material in a first twenty four hours.
The White Male Fantasy of Total Recall After saving the planet from a ruthless dictator and barely avoiding death on the hills of Mars, Douglas Quaid (Schwarzenegger) puts a final spin on Total Recall with his final lines: "I just had a terrible thought. What if this is all a dream?" This last statement by Quaid leaves the audience pondering the question of reality, wondering what truly was 'real.' By the end of the film, one could easily argue a whole realm of possibilities: The events were all real; they were all a dream; they were the Recall implant fantasy played out; or they were the Recall fantasy gone haywire. In addition, the film seems to reject imperialism and the domination of white males, also rather postmodern in ideology.
When an individual is trying to remember a certain memory or piece of information that is already learned, they access their long term memory to determine that memory. Studies have been conducted to prove that the theory of retrieval induced forgetting is true. An example of recognition induced for getting is the infamous eye witness testimony. When the victim is brought to the police station and told to choose which person in the line is the cause of the crime, the time spent between the actual crime and the trip to the police station can cause an issue with the witness remembering who the suspect was. Eye witness testimonies are considered an inaccurate way to catch a criminal because the victim can accuse the wrong person. Even in children, there are concerns when teaching a child, if they should access their long term memory to effectively learn. In present studies, retrieval induced forgetting was tested to prove if recognizing recent information causes harm to already learned information. In regards to the child learning, the downside of accessing their long term memory is the same as an adult. It is shown that retrieval induced forgetting can cause impairment to memory. Even when retrieval induced forgetting is an issue it is believed that one of the reasons that memory impairment is a hard subject to solve is because it only affects verbal memory not
The first stage of memory is the sensory memory. Sensory memory holds sights, sounds, smells, textures, and other sensory impressions for only a few seconds, and it operates on an unconscious level. (Zimbardo, P., & Johnson, R. (2013). Memory. In Psychology: Core Concepts With Dsm-5 Update (pp. 177-179). Pearson College Div.)This stage of memory is the shortest element of memory. Sensory memory has the ability to retain impressions of different sensory information. Sensory memory is the ultra-short term memory and it retains brief impressions of the sensory stimuli after the stimulus has ended. It holds the shortest impression of sensory information and even when the sensory system does not send information the sensory memory still holds the shortest impression. There are many different issues and characteristics of the sensory memory; it has a high capacity to form memory registration of visual data, and the information that’s stored is un-interpreted, and the it the visual information fades away after less than a second. In order to use the information in your sensory memory, you must encode the information quickly. The sensory memory is the hardest memory to grasp and most of what we sense is forgotten. Sensory memory allows the eye to have a larger field of vision by remembering images that your eye has already focused on. The sensory memory, in general, allows us to maintain incoming sensory information long enough for us to screen it and determine if it is important. (Zimbardo, P., & Johnson, R. (2013). Memory. In Psychology: Core Concepts With Dsm-5 Update (pp. 177-179). Pearson College Div.)
Developing studying skills that incorporate testing myself will take the ease of being overwhelmed, as well as help with concentration, and becoming more comfortable and confident. Practicing recalling information over time will help in recalling for an actual assessment, by retaking study guides, and creating at home pre-test. 3The information provided by Karpicke and Roediger can me as an educator and other educators by considering various methods of learning. Using test as an instrument of learning rather than solely an assessment on knowledge can be essential in helping students’ learning effectiveness. Since the experiment showed that the learning conditions where retrieval was repeated caused students to have 80% of the pairs recalled compared to the 33% of where retrieval was not practice shows that testing can be used as a tool of learning. In my classroom I would implement take pre-test for homework and/or extra credit assignments, as well as implement classroom activities such as games where testing occurs in a communal group setting. Retrieval is easier when related pieces of information are stored in close association with one another (Ormord p. 212). Therefore, I would have students get in pairs and test each other on the information as soon as the lesson is over as a form of review and test
...Baddeley (1966) study of encoding in the short term memory and long term memory supports the MSM model on the mode of processing such that words are processed on recall and both models share the same opinion that processing does influence recall. Finally, the MSM model of memory states that all information is stored in the long term memory, however, this interpretation contrasts with that of Baddeley (1974) who argue that we store different types of memories and it is unlikely that they occur only in the LTM store. Additionally, other theories have recognised different types of memories that we experience, therefore it is debatable that all these different memories occur only in the long-term memory as presumed by the multi-store model which states the long term memory store as with unlimited capacity, in addition it also fails to explain how we recall information.
Since the 1990s, memory studies have become a popular field regrouping specialists of increasingly diverse intellectual expertise. German scholar Aleida Assmann posits that this investment in studying memory can be explained by various factors such as the legacies of great tragedies in the twentieth century (most notably the Holocaust), the fall of “grand narratives” (hastened by the end of the Cold War and the democratisation of former Communist states in Eastern Europe) and by the digital revolution which has challenged previous ways of communication and sharing information. Transitional justice in former dictatorial states notably in Latin America and the ever-increasing importance
These three processes happen at different levels; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory. Encoding first takes place in Sensory memory which holds an exact replica of what one hears and sees, however, information held in this system is only stored for a few seconds or less (Coon & Mitterer, 2012). Students should not strive to retain test information in this system as by the time they close their book after reading over their study material, they will ...
In the process of memory, there are three stages which are; encoding, storage and retrieval. All three stages determines whether or not a memory is stored or forgotten.The first stage is the processing of information which is known as encoding. Encoding involves converting information into a useable form so that it can be stored in memory. There are many ways of encoding such as acoustically, visually or semantically. Storage, which is the second stage, involves the retention of the information. This is done by organising information so it can be used or retrieved when required. Lastly the retrieval process is where locating and recovering the information stored in the long term memory occurs. In order to retrieve this information back to the short term memory, prompts or cues may be used. The information can be recalled and recognised. Recall is when material can be retrieved without providing a cue whereas recognition is the ability to bring forth information through the use of a cue (Lecture,2013) This is important as eyewitnesses may be asked to ...
The human mind is genuinely mesmerizing and intriguing when it comes to how it operates and how it perceives the world around us. What it is equally as captivating, is how we manage to store all the information we receive on a day to day basis. Whether its memorizing vocabulary terms for an exam, recollecting a fond childhood memory in great detail, or simply remembering what to purchase on a quick errand, all of these things require an operation in the brain and a designated place for these memories to be stored. The overall study of human memory has been a major focus of science and philosophy for thousands of years and has become one of the most significant subject matters of interest within the world of cognitive psychology. But how exactly are memories stored? And most importantly, how can we strengthen our overall memory? The following will explain the stage model of memory theory that is often used to explain the basic structure of how memory operates, and the cognitive training that can actually help improve the way we retain our information.
Therefore, as new stimuli is primed, subjects associated with that concept become easily accessible. Dr.Gurung’s results confirm that study strategies involving elaborative rehearsal can be useful in allowing students to establish associations between multiple concepts. Furthermore, Dr. Gurung found that Study methods involving elaborative rehearsal such as testing knowledge and using mnemonics were two of the strongest predictors of exam scores. Therefore, these Methods allow students to establish links between concepts that can be grouped together. As a result as students test their knowledge several times and associate multiple subjects using mnemonics they naturally began to react to stimuli previously activated by
The first stage in modal model of memory is sensory memory. Before information is stored in short term memory and long term memory, the sensory store stores the information initially. The incoming information was retaining by sensory memory half a second (Goldstein, 2005). In sensory memory, information enters the human information processing system through a variety of channels connected with the different senses. A variety of sources of information are available in the environment such as light, sound, image, hot, but only the electrical impulses is processed by the brain. Perceptual systems operate on the information to generate perceptions. The human body has sensory receptor cells that enable transmitted signal to impulse and finally detected by the brain. Due to the limited processing ability, most of the incoming information are not attended immediately, thus only the certain information is attended. Subsequently, me...
Encoding and retrieval are essential to the workings of the memory, and the fact that there are two main kinds of memory – short term and long term – is significant. Short term memory holds information for fairly short intervals, whereas long term memory stores information for a far longer amount of time. The relationship between both, as some Psychologists claim, is envisaged by stage theory. When information is encoded, it is stored in short term memory. It must remain there for a long time in order for it to be finally stored in long term memory. The means for retaining it in short term memory is known as ‘rehearsal’. By recalling information repeatedly, the chances of this information being transferred from short term to long term memory increases each time.
The topic of mnemonics improves study methods of learners as it helps avoid “illusions of learning.” The familiarity effect mechanism shows that re-reading material results in greater fluency and the repetition makes material familiar. When a student encounters that same material in the future, he will be able to interpret the familiarity as he already knows the material (Karpicke et al., 2009).
Chunking is the method by which large amounts of information is organized into segments so more information can be stored in short-term memory at one time. Although short-term memory is assumed to decay over time, items can be retained up to one minute, depending upon content. By repetition, information can re-enter short-term storage and be retained for a longer period; however, when several items are stored in short-term memory at the same time, they compete with one another for recall, and new information slowly pushes out the older content. Frequently people want to finish tasks stored in short-term memory quickly to avoid interruption from outside sources that may cause forgetfulness