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Chapter 6 african american history
Discrimination in healthcare past and present
A paper on african american history
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Mavis Claytor was the first African American woman, the first African American ever to earn her nursing degree at the University of Virginia. As can be expected, she faced many hardships along the way, including the university refusing to provide her with housing. Because of this she had to live in a hotel, when she did not have the funds to do this, during the first month of her education. She persevered through these setbacks though because she had found her passion, nursing, and she was willing to fight for the possibilities she could achieve in this field with her education. I have personally struggled through depression and anxiety. Two commonly discussed disorders now, but can make you feel very alone, and unaccomplished. I worked through
the feelings of desperation and wanting to quit every second. I never felt that I was doing good enough, I always felt that if I was not the best I was the worst. It was an arduous journey but I, like Claytor, found my passion, Neuroscience, which helped me to work through these feelings. I found people who had this same passion, and I began to believe that I could succeed again, I began to feel that I wasn’t alone.
Over a three week period in October 2002 a series of random sniper attacks paralyzed the Washington D.C. area. The shootings happened in in various establishments such as super markets, gas stations, restaurants and near schools turning normal tranquil areas into chaotic murder fields. There were no age group, gender or ethnicity that was safe, Victims were randomly selected and everyone was targeted. After the murderous spree, ten people were declared dead and several others wounded. The perpetrators were finally apprehended while they were sleeping at a resting spot and later identified as forty-one-year-old John Allen Muhammad and his seventeen-year-old Jamaican-American protégé, Lee Boyd Malvo.
Sarah Breedlove “Madam C.J Walker” was born in Louisiana to former slaves on December 23, 1867. She was the first member of her family to be born “free,” and used this opportunity to have a better life. She married Moses McWilliams and gave birth to her first daughter, Lelia, on June 6, 1885. Unfortunately, soon after her daughter’s second birthday her husband was killed in an accident. She found a job as a laundress in St. Louis, Missouri and thus provided her daughter with an education that she never had the chance to get.
Mary Eliza Mahoney was born May 7, 1845 in Boston, Massachusetts. (Smith, J, & Phelps, S, 1992) Mary Mahoney was the first African American professional nurse. She spent over 40 years as a private duty nurses going to sick people’s homes nursing them back to health. She was such a wonderful private duty nurse that after joining a nursing directory, Mary was called upon time after time by the families that hired her all over the country near and faraway. Mary Mahoney was a member of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada now known as the American Nurses Association (ANA) since 1896. (Webster, Raymond B, 1999) She was also one of the first members of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) which was a minority nursing organizations that was focused on equality for African-American nurses comparable to that of non minority nurses. Mary was named chaplain of the organization and was later named a lifetime member. After her death on January 4, 1926 from breast cancer the National Association of Colored Graduates Nurses named an award in honor of Mary Eliza Mahoney, after the NACGN was disbanded in 1951 the American Nurses Association continued the Mary Eliza Mahoney award. (Webster, Raymond B, 1999)
The history of nursing important to understand because it can help our professionals today to know why things are the way it is now and can have solutions to unsolvable problems from history. Captain Mary Lee Mills was an African-American woman born in Wallace, North Carolina in August 1912. She was a role model, an international nursing leader, and a humanitarian in her time. She joined many nursing associations, she participated in public health conferences, gained recognition and won numerous awards for her notable contributions to public health nursing. Her contributions throughout her lifetime made a huge impact on the world today and has changed the lives of how people live because of her passion for public health nursing.
On October 10, 1927, Clarence L. Johnson Sr. & his wife Garnett Henley Johnson gave birth to yet another daughter by the name of Hazel Winifred Johnson in West Chester, Pennsylvania. After, her and her family moved to a Quaker town called Mavern. She was born into a family whose values were strictly discipline, diligence, unity, and pursuit of education. Between her and her other 6 siblings (2 sisters and 4 brothers), Hazel was the one out of them all who always dreamed of being a nurse. She went and applied for Chester School of Nursing, however, she was denied because she was an African American. After being denied to Chester’s School of Nursing, Johnson went on to further her education elsewhere by going to start training at the Harlem Hospital School of Nursing where she graduated in 1950. She then goes on to work in the Harlem Hospital Emergency Ward for 3 years and then practiced on the medical cardiovascular ward at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Philadelphia, all while working to get her baccalaureate at Villanova University. (Hazel Johnson-Brown: Visionary Videos: NVLP: African American History)
Her plan was a success and she was able to start her own women’s nursing corps. Because of their efforts and determination, those two women were acknowledged for helping allowing women to become nurses
Mary Mahoney was a very selfless woman. Ametia states that “Because of her dedication and untiring will to inspire future generations, Mary Eliza Mahoney has been an inspiration to thousands of men and women of color who are part of the nursing profession.” Because of her being the first African-American nurse, Ms. Mary Eliza Mahoney made a big impact on American lives and futures.
Clara Barton was born on December 25th, 1821 in North Oxford, Massachusetts. She was the youngest of five children and at the young age of 11, Clara found her calling. Her brother suffered an accident and it was Clara who helped nurse him back to health. However, because of her shyness as a child, Clara struggled in school and it was recommended by a phrenologist that she become a teacher to overcome her issues of shyness. In May of 1838, Clara began her career as a teacher. In 1850, Clara moved to Bordentown, New Jersey to further her education and while she was there, she helped open a free public school, which was non-existent prior to her relocation. With the passing of years, came several life changes for Clara. She eventually made her way to Washington, D.C. where she worked as the first female clerk in the U.S. Patent Office. It was here in Washington, D.C. during the American Revolution where Clara got word of The Baltimore Riot and made the decision to leave the Patent Office in order to help tend to the wounded soldiers. But it wasn’t until after going back to North Oxford to help care for her dying father in 1861, did she fully commit to nursing in order to help her country win the war. In 1862, she returned to Washington and began her campaign to travel to the field hospitals, which was a only allowed by...
Depression is a mood disorder defined by the prevalence of symptoms such as hopelessness, helplessness, personal devaluation and extreme sadness (Roesch, Roberta). Whereas, anxiety disorders is an overwhelming and inhibiting form of severe worry that conflicts with the likelihood of individuals being happy and successful in life (Kandel, Joseph). These ailments bear many similar symptoms such as: insomnia, fatigue, difficulty concentrating while awake. Whereas, a person with an anxiety disorder may experience pains, breathlessness, nausea and diarrhea, a person with depression will encounter thoughts of suicide, depressive mood and feelings of worthlessness.
A recent global analyses by the World Health Organization finds almost 20% of humanity (1.52 billion) will experience clinical-level depression during their lifetime, and one-half of those diagnosed with depression are also by diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (760 million)1.
There are multiple types of depressions people may experience throughout their lifetime. Severe depression, persistent depressive order, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder, psychotic disorder, peripartum depression and many others. I was diagnosed with major depression two years ago and I still struggle today navigating my life and trying not to let my doubts affect my aspirations.
In actuality, due to the various forms of social anxiety, it is difficult to determine an exact commonness of it. Figures range from one percent to twenty-two percent (Rachman 138). Many people who suffer from social anxiety come up with their own ways of coping. Self-treatment or no treatment at all can cause multiple psychiatric disorders at once. “One- quarter of social phobics had alcohol related problems” (Rachman 138). In seventy- five to eighty percent of patients with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, social anxiety disorder actually preceded that disorder. It is extremely important to screen for comorbidity because unrecognized depression and anxiety comorbidity is associated with an increased rate of psychiatric hospitalizations, and an increased rate of suicide attempts (Hirschfeld
Many people feel apprehensive and miserable every now and then, but when does it take over their whole lives? Losing a loved one, doing poorly in school or work, being bullied and other hardships might lead a person to feel sad, lonely, scared, nervous and/or anxious. Some people experience this on an everyday basis, sometimes even or no reason at all. Those people might have an anxiety disorder, depression, or both. It is highly likely for someone with an anxiety disorder to also be suffering from depression, or the other way around. 50% of those diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
Depression is one of the most common psychological problems. Each year over 17 million Americans experience a period of clinical depression. Thus, depression affects nearly everyone through personal experiences or through depression in a family member or friend.