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Transnational influences for Korean soft masculinity include Japanese colonialism and metrosexual masculinity. The colonialism from 1910 to 1945 was seen as a crisis for masculinity. Following World War II, Japanese products like music, film and manga were banned in Korea. After President Kim Dae Jung took the office in 1998 the bans relaxed and later abolished. The introduction of Japanese manga has influenced the idealized male character with its kind and gentle leads. Boys over Flowers is a perfect example because it was originally a Japanese manga. The popularity of the beautiful actors was originally based on Japanese beauty. The contemporary metrosexual man focuses more on his appearance. This man is generally well-groomed, well-dressed and well-mannered and he does not feel as if he needs to repress his feminine side. …show more content…
A search for “metrosexual men” repeatedly resulted in David Beckham and Ronaldo, two soccer players apparently outside the hegemonic masculinity of sports culture.
The economic appeal is that they become the consumers for all these clothes and facial products. According to ABC news, “South Korea is by far the largest in a growing global market for men's cosmetics, accounting for nearly a quarter of sales in the skin care market” (Akiko Fujita). This seems like an incentive for corporations to push for the effeminate image as well. Metrosexuality has been emerging alongside the rise in feminism. Women are still objectified in media, but the metrosexual man is beginning to transform man as well into an object of viewing pleasure for women who are beginning to be able to express their sexuality and desires more freely. However, it is important to note that metrosexuality and the flower boy image differ. Metrosexuality caters to a more global population whereas flower boys are seen mostly in East Asia. Facial products are used but metrosexual men tend to not wear make up and their style is more clean-cut rather than
younger.
The deeply rooted history of a Confucian paradigm in Korea has for long limited women’s roles and rights. In the male-dominated and patriarchal society, women’s roles remained in the domestic sphere, where they were required to be submissive. However, with the introduction of westernization and modernity in the 1920s, modern generation was rapidly incorporated into colonial modernity. Korean women began to “redefine the Korean female identity” by displaying the “new woman” characteristics, in which some literate women initiated to “enhance their education, determine their own physical appearance, and contribute to the debate about changing gender roles and expectations”(Yoo, p.59) Fearing the threat of the emergence of the “new women” with
Beloved by Toni Morrison and A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry tackle issues of masculinity. On pages 125 to 138 and 147 to 149, Morrison illustrations in Beloved how white power structures and the sexual fetishism of the black man’s body, which were established by American slavery, emasculates the black man. On pages 143 to 144 in A Raisin in the Sun, which takes place between World War II and the present, portrays a peculiar mindset of a black man, and his fight to define his masculinity within a matriarchal family structure, a product of American slavery. The language in Beloved and A Raisin in the Sun, underlines the products of the societal structures of slavery effect on black masculinity.
John’s “Metrosexuals Come Out”, referring to the commercialism that has reached the idea of being metrosexual and entirely redefining it. Metrosexuals were once deemed embarrassing or strange, but when the fashion industry began to embrace it, a large number of men did as well. The idea of sensitivity or even femininity in regards to a man was seen as strange, until metrosexuals began to be more desirable, thanks to the fashion industry, who used the angle of these stylish men to make more sales and even go so far as to change the idea that men cannot and should not be feminine. The movement to accept metrosexuals went so far that “[w]ithin a few years, the term was picked up by British advertisers and newspapers”. (175) Art and advertisement changed in this way, allowing for men and marketing to enjoy something
Robert Jensen, a journalism professor at the University of Texas, describes in his essay, The High Cost of Manliness how society has seen men and what behavior is acceptable. Many people perceive men as, “naturally competitive and aggressive” (Jensen). Jensen show how men are not supposed to show any, “struggle for control, conquest and domination.” Instead, what needs to be seen, however, that is not always the case, no one is made the same way, everyone thinks and interprets information differently. Robert expresses how, “hard (it is) to live up to the demand that come with the dominant conception of masculinity.” Not all men need to be the textbook definition of masculine. Room for diversity is a must, it separates each person from the other.
Society in general has a way of assigning men and women with individual roles that need to be complied with. To clarify, in the 1950s and 1960s, American women were required to maintain their homes while raising their children and making sure the husbands were happy. On the other hand, American men had to provide for the family and protect them. Displaying characteristics not parallel to one’s gender is rarely unobserved and almost always has negative consequences because society seeks to maintain order. In reality, the people cannot conform to society’s “norms” because people have the right to be independent of society, yet be a part of it without sacrifice. An example would be how American society views masculinity as a man who is strong,
his Essay will analyse, introduce, and discuss the terms Hegemonic Masculinity and Emphasized femininity, if it still applies in modern times and the use of these concepts to comprehend the role of the man and female in Eastern Asia, in relation to post-war Japan. In order to present a clear and linear argument I will divide this essay into three parts: In the first part I will define the term hegemonic masculinity, the common traits and the influence that it has in society; the essay will continue then in explaining and outlining the term emphasized femininity. The second part will analyse the impact of the notions of hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity in relation to post war Japan has. The last part will briefly identify some
The message that the first episode of Kim Possible conveys about gender roles is how females characters are and should be conveyed as equal in society and media compared to male characters. It conveys that females are capable and the same of male characters and tries to break the gender roles that society has created. The main character in Kim Possible is a female and is a hero that saves many people in distress as they call for her to come save them. Her sidekick is a male character that is not as intelligent as Kim and she is the hero of which she does follow a classic ‘damsel in distress’ trope of which is saved by a male character. It is kind of the reverse of a damsel in distress trope in which the ending is the hero getting the girl and
Always looking perfectly put together, hair gelled, clean-shaven, chiseled muscles (is this an archetype; is every metrosexual muscular?), and clothed in designer apparel, the metrosexual man seems (be certain) to be on the rise.
It compares and contrasts the “physical view on masculinity” as it has changed over the centuries in relation to society’s views on it. In her article, Bordo explains, “Attention to beauty was associated not with femininity but with a life that was both privileged and governed by exacting standards… By the end of the nineteenth century, older notions of manliness premised on altruism, self-restraint, and moral integrity – qualities that women could have too – began to be understood as vaguely ‘feminine’… ‘Homosexual’ came to be classified as a perverse personality type which the normal, heterosexual male have to prove himself distinct from.” (402) Bordo goes on to explain how in the twentieth century the homosexual community has greatly influenced social discourse through developing the way models pose. In turn, this discourse has shaped the way male bodies are portrayed both in advertisements and within our culture, and broken the idea that all male bodies need to be portrayed in a strong and masculine fashion. In her article, Bordo uses a surfeit of anecdotes to typify pathos, several accounts of logos, and ethos to show the adaption that has taken place in the masculine advertising
Which is ironic sense we are talking about the fashion and clothing. Even though women are in charge in this form of entertainment they're are still negative ascribed identities coming from this. Women are supposed to be flawless and use the sex sales method. In the industry men are actually ascribed in the same fashion. The roles of masculine and femininity are clearly laid out in this industry.
According to Kimmel, the earliest embodiments of American manhood were landowners, independent artisans, shopkeepers, and farmers. During the first decade of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution started to influence the way, American men thought of themselves. Manhood was now defined as through the man’s economic success. This was the origin of the “Self-Made Man” ideology and the new concept of manhood that was more exciting, and potentially more rewarding for men themselves. The image of the Self-Made Man has far reaching effects on the notion of masculinity in America. Thus, the emergence of the Self-Made Man put men under pressure. As Kimmel states,
power and the ability to lead. In American culture women must act like men to gain positions of
The concept of hegemonic masculinity, as described by R. W. Connell, is becoming more applicable than ever, namely in the world of sport. This notion was developed nearly twenty-five years ago, yet remains highly influential in the social construction of gender roles. In current Western societies, there is an automatic assumption that women involved in sports are all lesbians, and men posses more masculine traits than one who is not involved in sports. This double standard emphasizes the inequalities within the athletic community. The emphasis on masculinity brings forth different consequences for men and women, where men are regarded as strong and powerful, while women are intrinsically seen as more masculine (Baks & Malecek,
1945 marked the end of World War II and the end of Japan’s reign in Korea. Korea had been under Japanese rule since the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910. During this time, Korea had been brutally treated by Japan. The Korean language was suppressed as well as traditional Korean culture. Japan forced Korean people to take Japanese surnames and took many “comfort women” otherwise known as sex slaves for the Japanese military. As a result, the diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan were strained. Japan was determined to forget the past and deny many of the things that happened while Korea was determined to not move past it. There have been disputes between the two countries about acknowledging comfort women and territories, many sprouting up from World War II and before. While there has been improvement, the relationship between Japan and Korea is strained, mainly due to Japan’s unwillingness to remember and apologize for the past and Korea’s stubbornness to not move on from the past.
A nation’s innovation system is shaped by how the nation leverages its endowments—natural resources, culture, history, geography, and demographics—through policies that create a thriving market-oriented economy and accelerate the transition of new technologies, processes, and services to the market (Branscomb and Auerswald 2002). The aim of this assignment is to evaluate South Korea’s innovation policies, in light of its latest ranking as the second most innovative country in the world.