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The Hudson’s Bay Company was in the business of trading European goods for furs with native Indians. Although it was a simple exchange of one good for other, it showed interesting patterns in terms of consumer behavior. The transaction also involved a series of marketing decisions on part of the Company in terms of which good to produce more, the price to be set for the goods, etc. This was primarily evident from the fact that the data on actual purchases which has been retrieved from the company archives. The article “Marketing in the Land of Hudson Bay: Indian Consumers and the Hudson’s Bay, 1670 -1770” by Ann M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis shows how the good’s marketing characteristics like price, quantity, quality, etc. effected the volume …show more content…
Summary of Articles 1. The article “The consumption of Native Americans in the Eighteenth Century: Lessons from York Factory, Hudson Bay” by Ann M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis aims at studying the economics behind the trade patterns of exchange of furs for European goods between native Indians and European manufacturers. The article studies the shift in the consumption patterns and how consumer buying behavior developed during the period. It states that the increased consumption of European goods was not a mere function of price by a complex function of determinants of demand which encouraged natives to forego leisure and produce more fur to buy more goods. The article examines the trade pattern in terms of percentage share of different kind of goods in the overall buying by natives and also states that even in that era the accounting system was very developed as is evident from the fact that the company used MB as a unit of price. In the section on “Gift-giving ad …show more content…
In the book “Commerce by a Frozen Sea: Native Americans and the European Fur trade”, authors Ann M. Carlos and Frank D. Lewis explore the social and economic behavior of the parties involved in the fur trade. The authors study how the Hudson’s Bay Company evolved, how native Indians behaved as consumers and the decline of Beaver hunting and industrialization. In chapter 3 of the book, the authors talk about how Indians were a replica of modern consumers who base their purchasing decisions on price, quality, quantity, availability of substitutes and finally their willingness to trade-off their leisure for more consumption goods. The authors analyze the use of alcohols in gift ceremonies to mark the opening of trade. They state that gifts were a mere gesture by the companies who aimed to transfer some of the overplus to the natives. Although they wished to get more trade in the particular good given as gift, it was seen from the data that gifts did not have any impact on increase in consumption pattern of a particular
The specialty retailer of women's clothes, footwear, and accessories-aimed majority to young teens and women in their twenties, was founded by the the Lawrence brothers-Dan, Frank, and Larry.
Beginning in the mid sixteenth century, French explorers were able to establish a powerful and lasting presence in what is now the Northern United States and Canada. The explorers placed much emphasis on searching and colonizing the area surrounding the St. Lawrence River “which gave access to the Great Lakes and the heart of the continent”(Microsoft p?). They began exploring the area around 1540 and had early interactions with many of the Natives, which made communication easier for both peoples when the French returned nearly fifty years later. The French brought a new European desire for fur with them to America when they returned and began to trade with the Indians for furs in order to supply the European demands. The Natives and the French were required to interact with each other in order to make these trades possible, and, over time, the two groups developed a lasting alliance. However, the French began to face strong competition in the fur trading industry, which caused many problems between different European nations and different native tribes. Therefore, the trading of fur allowed early seven- teenth century French explorers to establish peaceful relations with the Natives, however, com- petitive trading also incited much quarreling between competing colonies and Indian tribes.
In the early eighteenth century consumer goods flooded American markets, the colonists needed to sell what they produced in order to purchase British goods that were beyond their ability to manufacture and therefore made them feel more a part of the British "empire of goods".
Jennifer S.H. Brown, W.J. Eccles and Donald P. Heldman, The Fur Trade Revisited, Michigan State University Press, 1994.
This book is complete with some facts, unfounded assumptions, explores Native American gifts to the World and gives that information credence that really happened yet was covered up and even lied about by Euro-centric historians who have never given the Indians credit for any great cultural achievement. From silver and money capitalism to piracy, slavery and the birth of corporations, the food revolution, agricultural technology, the culinary revolution, drugs, architecture and urban planning, our debt to the indigenous peoples of America is tremendous. With indigenous populations, mining the gold and silver made capitalism possible. Working in the mines and mints and in the plantations with the African slaves, they started the industrial revolution that then spread to Europe and around the world. They supplied the cotton, rubber, dyes, and related chemicals that fed this new system of production.
Nunn, Nathan, and Nancy Qian. "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas." Journal of Economic Perspectives. Yale University, 2010. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. .
Aboriginal women had occupied an essential position in the fur trade of the North American region from its birth during the 17th and 18th centuries. Even though this is true, the role of women, especially those of the Native American society, has been ignored a great deal in the entire history of fur trade. Contrary to the belief that the whole fur trade activity was only male-dominated, it very much depended upon Native women and their participation and labor in order to ensure survival as well as economic success. This paper will attempt to illuminate how Native women played the role as important producers when it comes to fur trade of the American Plains and, of course, the Canadian region. This paper will also deal with the two important company's namely the North West and Hudson's Bay Company and tell how each functioned during the time of fur trade. The term “fur traders” is the term often used to described anyone who was interested in the traffic of furs. The traditional picture has been that of a male in buckskin shirt and a raccoon cap, dispensing alcohol and trinkets to gullible savages, in turn for the quality furs worth 10 times their value.
The fur trade today is extremely relevant as the trade was one of, if not the first international big business across the Midwest, not just Colorado. In fact, most of the fur trade depended on the demand for luxury furs in Europe and it was the lack of demand that ended the trade in the first place. Europe moved toward silk hats instead of felt in 1838, it was softer and easier to produce. Another way the book is relevant today is the presentation of rivers and other trails, trappers like Jean de la Maisonneuve (the first known explorer to the Platte) are reasons why we have many of the hiking trails and known rivers today. There are a lot strengths to the book, as some business today use some of the practices used by trappers like building “trade posts” where your supply was i.e.: a river or bison plain, or going to multiple buyers for a single product as to get the best price, also catering to supply and demand as well as consumer tastes. In retrospect, the entire trade managed to last 50 years spanning from the early 1800s into the 1850s and even when beaver had been trapped out in 1838, the trade still managed to go strongly trading bison robes instead, after the trade had been long gone many trappers moved to farming land or guided settlers through the country. This goes to show how adaptive the mountain man was as to keep his lifestyle. Butler’s text even relates back to a Bent’s Fort presentation in class, where homestead museum curator Ben Stinley presented the standard trade rifle, the flintlock system, and just how buying one gun would control your life as a trapper, to maintain the rifle you had to maintain the lifestyle to live and survive. The book gives us a little more detail on the firearm stating its probable worth was 16 beaver skins, and although the trade gun was the popular and reliable choice, flintlock weapons would be
In the “Women in between”: Indian Women in fur Trade Society in Western Canada, historical paper by Sylvia Van Kirk a University of Toronto professor of History and Women’s studies. This article is about Indian women who were in between the Hudson's Bay and St. Lawrence-Great Lake men and the Europeans, the roles women played during the fur trade, the union between native and mixed-blood women with the traders and the advantages the traders had from the native and mixed-blood women.
to the Indian tribes that lived by or had come to trade at the upper
The influx of manufactured trade goods, such as blankets and sheet copper, from explorers and settlers into the Pacific Northwest caused inflation in the potlatch in the late eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries (New World Encyclopedia 2008.). This then lead to an imbalance in the gifts given and received. Some people engaged in the ceremony purely to acquire the most material wealth, causing not only a disintegration in the cultural values of the custom, but also a breakdown in the social structure of the society, causing violence among the native
The fur trade was one of the most defined time periods in Canadian history due to its economic and socioeconomic change amongst the European-Canadian settlers and the Aboriginal peoples. While it tends to be overlooked, the success of the fur trade can largely be credited to the role that women played. This paper will focus on the impact of the involvement of women in the fur trade. While the main role of women was trading and bartering goods, this paper will also explore how traditions, such as marriage, were strongly affected by women during the fur trade. This paper will also be comparing how the socioeconomic relations of the fur trade were impacted by the marriages of Indigenous women to European men and how in the eyes of the fur trade,
One example is the calumet ceremony, where European and Indian leaders shared a symbolic pipe to solidify their friendship and alliance. Their culture began to change once they began the accepting of newer European technologies into their society, these items included the growth from stone products to metal goods. The adaptation of many European trade goods was often intentionally modified to mimic tools and ornaments of native manufacture, representing a selective incorporation of European material culture into native technology, the ability of the local tribes to make skillful use of these metals and glass traded to them and to make tools from the breaking down of the weapons traded to them also allowed them better acceptance of European goods. The manipulation of trade goods could also have been social: a conscious effort to resist new technologies or to resist European alteration of the traditional economy. The growth and expansion of the Europeans would have an everlasting effect on the Native American culture. By 1650, Indian populations in the hemisphere had been reduced by about 90 percent, while by 1750 European numbers were not yet substantial and settlement had only begun to expand. As a result, fields had been abandoned, while
The majority of historical literature on the spice trade in late–medieval Europe examines the pivotal role spices had in stimulating Western Europeans to explore and establish colonial enterprises. Paul Freedman proposes to focus on the demand side, on "why spices were so popular in the first place, why they were sufficiently sought after for traders to bring them to Europe from what seemed the farthest corners of the world." This paper will argue that Paul Freedman follows the advice given by Storey and Jones provided in Writing History. His arguments for the scarcity and value of spices are the prices, demand, and the means by which they were harvested. He provides details on how the spice trade worked in the Middle Ages, how lack of knowledge of and control over their sources whetted Europeans' desire to eliminate middlemen, and how voices raised against conspicuous consumption of spices had little effect on their use. Having established how and why Europeans were so eager to pay high prices for an enormous variety of spices, Freedman then retells the story of how government-backed expeditions set out to find and gain control of sources through exploration and conquest. Freedman also writes about the decline in demand for spices in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and their disappearance from world trade as commodities that countries would go to war in order to control.
On page 42, it tells that every time a Native and an English meet there is automatically trading involved. The technology brought upon the Natives had greatly improved their way of life. For example, they obtained new pots to cook food and new weapons that last longer than their previous items. Through trading they would gain allies to help fight against rival tribes, but it soon turned for the worse. Most tribes were obtaining a lot of items that soon led them to be in a debt they could never afford to pay. Because Natives do not really have a certain currency they pay by trading back with items that are occasionally seasonal. On page 52, a tribal spokesman said “Your mouth is of sugar but your heart [is] of gall”. My interpretation of this