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Literary analysis: medieval romance
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Right off the bat, I found myself entertained and interested in the words that lied within the text of Marie’s first lay of the lais. I was absorbed, one could say, and couldn’t wait to dig deeper into the remaining eleven short stories. Most of Marie’s short stories are easy to read while understanding the dwelling of the knights and their love contingencies. The Lais of Marie de France is the perfect escape of a good medieval read for anyone who enjoys fairytales, like myself. As of right now, I may not know much about medieval poetry or even much about love, but I can definitely see why the mysterious Marie de France is quite the hot commodity among the medieval readers. Each and every one of her short stories uphold typical elements that …show more content…
I’m assuming fans of this type of genre would recognize and love; from beautiful women trapped in towers, to handsome knights who perform courageous acts of honor to capture their beloved’s attention, and mysterious boats that sail themselves. (Which for some odd reason I find happening quite often in a mid-century tale) One of her stories is even about a king who constitutes a challenge or quest for the hand of his daughter in marriage: “any man who can carry her straight up the nearby mountain without resting can have her.” These stories by a 12th century abbess literally incorporate every ingredient for a fairytale formula; love, treason and a noble betrayed werewolf. However, I do believe there is some kind of secret catch to all of these stories.
Excluding the antecedent available princess and the lady in Marie’s version of “Lanval”, most of these beautiful women are married, and the knights who come to rescue them are technically adulterers. Marie chastises none of them, surprisingly. The only characters who are punished suffer pain or death not because of their adultery type affairs, but because their secret love provoked them to commit other actions, such as murder. Undeniably, Marie seems to approve of adultery that is composed of the “purest” love. When his lover’s jealous husband kills one of the flamboyant knights, his death is trumpet to a great extent “unjust”, and the son he helped conceive is doomed to avenge the truth. Clearly, Marie’s stories function in their own universe, where women trapped in unhappy marriages have the lawful right to furnish love elsewhere, which is quite different from the church’s view or the act of courtly love. Her writing was popular, popular enough that we are still reading her works a thousand years later. So apparently there was something in common and vibrant enough about this sequence of events that allowed it to appeal to such an expanded audience. Safe to say Marie’s goals have been satisfied and
met. Marie’s acceptance of these incidental affairs will probably be slightly disconcerting to modern readers as it would be for more of an older style of thinking. However, her analysis makes the situations seem natural and logical enough that the stories can’t be ravage by it. Many of the character’s husbands are all but vanished from the story, making it easy for them to escape the mind entirely. A couple of the tales are so cruel that it creates a guiltily pit inside the stomach of the reader which leaves you wanting to side with the women. Often the one who commits adultery is relatively pure; gazing from a window of course, but it’s easier to be bias when it is not indecent. Despite the circumstances, there will always be something at least a little beautiful and heartfelt about sending a women you cant have a note hidden beneath the feathers of a swan.
Jeanne de Jussie, a dedicated Catholic nun, recorded events that took place in Geneva during the Reformation as the official chronicler for the Saint Clare convent. Although littered with biases, Jeanne de Jussie’s experiences reflect broader trends during the Reformation; therefore, The Short Chronicle is a valid source and not merely a personal attack against the Protestants. Her experiences and beliefs, including those concerning celibacy, reflected those of many members of the Catholic Church during the Reformation. Also, her categorization of Protestants as ‘heretics’ was consistent with the practices of the Catholic Church. Although biased, her fears about Protestant views on celibacy and marriage were legitimate and consistent with
“Lanval” was written by a female poet and therefore enlists a somewhat feminist perspective on the idea of patriarchy. In this poem, a beautiful woman asks a knight to keep their love a secret: “I command and beg you, do not let any man know about this. I shall tell you why: you would lose me for good” (144-46), and “He answered that he would do exactly as she commanded” (151-52). Here, the gender roles are swapped and the female figure holds the social power to command instead of the male, clearly subverting patriarchy. In a patriarchal theme, the knight would command the woman and she would obey his command without hesitation. The same idea can be seen when the Queen asks the King to punish Lanval after she claims that he insulted her. She said she would never “get up unless the king gave her satisfaction for the offense against her” (301-10), and the king obeyed her, deciding to hold a trial. If this text were patriarchal, the King would have punished Lanval on his own terms rather than doing it for the Queen. It seems as if the Queen is being treated as an equal ruler to the King by being allowed to hold the political power in this
...’s Lanval and Laustic, were subservient to men in three different ways: by being considered temptresses, by needing men’s protection, and by obeying men’s orders. The lady of Laustic conforms to all these types, and the Queen in Lanval as well, with the exception that as the Queen she has some power. Lanval’s lover breaks some of these trends, but we later learn that she is a lady of Avalon, the mythical land where King Arthur is buried and whence he will come again, and therefore it is not surprising that she does not conform to the standard status of women.
Upon seeing blood on Queen Guinevere’s sheets, Meleagant immediately assumes that she had slept with Kay and demands some sort of punishment (Chretien de Troyes, 266). While this seems like an obvious thing for Meleagant to do, it can be seen as a slight towards Lancelot and Queen Guinevere by Chretien de Troyes for their act of adultery. Chretien de Troyes is writing this story to introduce Lancelot as a truly honorable, strong and loyal knight. In Sandra Prior’s essay, she points out the hypocrisy in this, discussing Lancelot’s act of treachery and the lack of any sort of response to it, mainly by King Arthur himself (Prior, 128-29). The idea of Lancelot as a noble knight would hardly hold up very well if in the same story, he was accused and chastised for the act of adultery, since it
When all the courtly love elements that flow through The Knight of the Cart are composed, in addition to a tale of love affair between Queen Guinevere and Lancelot of the Lake, a document revealing the enchanting history of the Twelfth Century Renaissance is created. Troyes, our powerful storyteller, was able to do this by taking us on a journey with Lancelot, not only though his exciting battles to Guinevere but, through his passionate and enamored thoughts and behaviors that yearns for his beloved.
Marie de France's use of animals in her lais is molded and adjusted to fit her needs. She creates metaphors relating to love and love relationships that were not mentioned in the Christian based Book of Beasts. However, the Gawain author appears to have kept true to the type of descriptions and natures of the animals in White's translation. Both authors were able to use animals to express specific features of human emotions and relationships, furthering our understanding of the nature of temptation, love and relationships in the medieval period.
In The Lais of Marie de France, the theme of love is conceivably of the utmost importance. Particularly in the story of Guigemar, the love between a knight and a queen brings them seemingly true happiness. The lovers commit to each other an endless devotion and timeless affection. They are tested by distance and are in turn utterly depressed set apart from their better halves. Prior to their coupling the knight established a belief to never have interest in romantic love while the queen was set in a marriage that left her trapped and unhappy. Guigemar is cursed to have a wound only cured by a woman’s love; he is then sent by an apparent fate to the queen of a city across the shores. The attraction between them sparks quickly and is purely based on desire, but desire within romantic love is the selfishness of it. True love rests on a foundation that is above mere desire for another person. In truth, the selfishness of desire is the
In France’s “Lanval,” Marie de France emphasizes the ideal and pure body of Lanval’s Fairy Queen. France describes the Fairy Queen as “elegant, her hips slim, her neck whiter than snow on a branch, her eyes bright, her face white, a beautiful mouth…” (France, 109). The Fairy Queen is presented to the reader as the classic, ideal beauty that captures the attention and, unknowingly, the mind of her lover. After meeting the Fairy Queen, Lanval pledges his life to her. He states, “There is nothing you might command, within my power, that I would not do, whether foolish or wise. I shall obey your command…” (France, 108). ...
The story begins with the Marquise de Merteuil corresponding with Vicomte de Valmont regarding a luscious new act of ‘revenge’, as she describes it, against the Comte de Gercourt. The young Cecile de Volanges has just come home from the convent and her marriage to Gercourt has been arranged. However, before he can wed the innocent child, Merteuil proposes Valmont ‘educate’ her, thus spoiling Gercourt’s fancy for untarnished convent girls. Valmont is uninterested in such an easy seduction and is far more aroused by the thought of lulling The Presidente’ de Tourvel, the very epitome of virtue, into submission. And so the tale unfolds.
In The Lais of Marie de France, the theme of love is perhaps the most prominent. Particularly in the story of Guigemar, the love between a knight and a queen brings them seemingly true happiness. The lovers give each other an endless devotion and timeless affection. They are tested by distance and are in turn utterly depressed set apart from their better halves. Prior to their coupling the knight established a belief to never have interest in romantic love while the queen was set in a marriage that left her trapped and unhappy. Guigemar is cursed to have a wound only cured by a woman’s love; he is then sent by an apparent fate to the queen of a city across the shores. The attraction between them sparks quickly and is purely based on desire,
...r Lancelot and Guinevere have sexual relations in Sir Thomas Malory’s “Le Morte d’ Arthur” a kingdom shattering chaos ensues. Whereas in “The Knight of the Cart” Lancleot and Guinevere’s sexual discretions are never discovered by the masses, the opposite is true in “Le Morte d’ Arthur”. As Capellanus writes of amor mixtus, “It fails quickly and endures a short time; you often regret having done it; those close to you are injured by it; the Heavenly King is offended by it; and
During the Middle Ages, Courtly love was a code which prescribed the conduct between a lady and her lover (Britannica). The relationship of courtly love was very much like the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege. The lover serves his beloved, in the manner a servant would. He owes his devotion and allegiance to her, and she inspires him to perform noble acts of valor (Schwartz). Capellanus writes, in The Art of Courtly Love, “A true lover considers nothing good except what he thinks will please his beloved”. The stories of Marie de France and Chrétien de Troyes illustrate the conventions of courtly love.
In the Middle Ages, when The Canterbury Tales was written, society became captivated by love and the thought of courtly and debonair love was the governing part of all relationships and commanded how love should be conducted. These principles changed literature completely and created a new genre dedicated to brave, valorous knights embarking on noble quests with the intention of some reward, whether that be their life, lover, or any other want. The Canterbury Tales, written in the 14th century by Geoffrey Chaucer, accurately portrays and depicts this type of genre. Containing a collection of stories within the main novel, only one of those stories, entitled “The Wife of Bath’s Tale”, truly outlines the 14th century community beliefs on courtly love.
Marie de Frances Lais depict pain and suffering which the protagonist undergoes in order to reach a stage in their life that will bring forth happiness. The downfall of most of the characters stem from the theme of love. Love affairs in The Nightingale, selfish love in The Werewolf and Guigemar, marriage in Guigemar and Yonec, all forms of love cause suffering. The theme of possessiveness in Guigemar,Yonec, and The Nightingale is also depicted, as the husbands have complete dominion over their wives. Such control causes the female protagonist to search for affection elsewhere. Little does she know that this in turn leads to her misery because the possessive nature of the husband interferes with love. Such interference causes a violent and perculiar
With the lady, and demands of the court, the future of knights was shifted in a different direction; she demanded that a knight act with strength on one hand, and courtesy and respect on the other. A knight should respect women; he should defend them in their hour of need, shunning the magnetic gravity of mere lust. Love could be a powerful influence over a knight, a force that could propel him to greatness beyond his own abilities; the church declared that only the spiritual love of Christ was superior to the love of a woman, the important aspect here is love was added as a chivalric element.