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Social determinants of health and high social class individuals
Social determinants of health and high social class individuals
Social determinants of health and high social class individuals
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Low Life Expectancy During the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s During the Industrial Revolution of the Victorian Era, life expectancy was so low due to the lack of sanitation, working conditions, and less medical knowledge that we have now. At the time, the average age people were dying was at 35 years old (Lambert). The age, however, varied depending on where one lived. Normally, people who lived in cities died at a younger age than people who live in rural areas. The class that one was in also greatly impacted a person’s life span. It mainly impacted poor working-class communities, because of the poor conditions that came with being a member of that class (Wilde). A lack of sanitation was a big factor in the reasoning of why life expectancy
The contributions of several doctors, researchers, and scientists helped improve the health of the growing population. In 1850, the average life expectancy was 42 years. By 1910, the average life expectancy had risen to nearly 55 years. Between 1850 and 1910 there were several advances in the medical field. The introduction of genes, white blood cells, blood groups, insulin, rubber gloves, aspirin, and vitamins and the discoveries of Pasteur, Charcot, Halsted, Zirm, Lister, and Koch were the starting point of an international fight against disease.
The composition of the home constantly changed: older children married or went off to work, while babies were born and died. Babies and young children were extremely susceptible to illness. In the worst and poorest districts, two out of ten babies died in the first year. One fourth of them would die by age five. Life expectancy varied greatly depending upon the quality of the area in which people lived. In industrial towns, like Liverpool, the average life expectancy was twenty-six years. In a better area, like Okehampton in Devon, it was fifty-seven years. The national average of England and Wales was forty years at mid century. Therefore as a child grew older, he was likely to lose one or more siblings as well as one or both parents.
In Victorian Britain deaths caused a great deal of sadness and pain to the person’s family mates and friends. Kids die at a young age so the children are very spoiled. Miners work in mining shafts, at factories, at mines, and more. The death of a loved one caused some people to not come out of there houses for at least two weeks. “Hospitals, rather than being seen as places of healing were more often viewed as the gateway of death (B. Malheiro).” This shows that the hospitals had lots of deaths in the hospitals and it was not a very safe place in Victorian Britain. Lots of accidental deaths happened around that time to with the factories and even farming. With all these deaths happening you can see how sad and tragic these deaths are, from and to see that the deaths are not the places you
The Industrial Revolution has brought a major transformation to the American society. New technologies and advancements changed the way Americans viewed their world. Gender issues, social class, immigration, relations with Native Americans, and slavery were either positively or negatively impacted by the revolution. Nevertheless, the United States’ huge step toward progress during the Industrial Revolution made a lasting impression in American society.
Variations in life expectancy and its changes are one major cause of rising income inequality. How long a person lives, as well as their quality of health, can have an important and huge impact on their income and social mobility. The life expectancy of the bottom 10% increases at only half the rate that the life expectancy of the top 10% does (Belsie). This shows that improvements in medicine benefit the wealthy more than the poor. The less wealthy have decreased access to good medical insurance and cannot afford more expensive, quality medical care. The poor are less likely to invest in healthy food and exercise, lowering life expectancy and overall health. These changes result in a cycle that causes the poor to be less healthy, and the less healthy to become increasingly poor. On the other side, the rich have different variations of habits, education, and environments, which can affect life expectancy, often positively for the
Slavery ended but there were still labor. Factory workers were forced to work in harsh conditions and were paid a low sum of money. The economy boomed because it was much easier to produce good. With the goods that were produced they were able to profit from it. The Population increase in the industrial revolution due to the increase of food supplies. More types of raw good were produced and traded with other nations. Women were not able to work while men were allowed to earned wages.Children were working in dangerous sitiutatosn, but eventually children were able to stop working.
“Clearer understanding of how disease worked led in the late nineteenth century to vaccinations for smallpox, typhoid, and other viral diseases. Increased food production, improved medicine and sanitation” (Document 24). Life expectancy from 1800 to now changed tremendously due to medicine Since the 1800s people have a better understanding of hygiene and transmission of bacteria. Something that was common back then was disease, and that impacted life expectancy. Rheumatic fever, typhoid and parasites were also common.According to Document 17, “In 1850 life expectancy in America
Socio-economic class or socio-economic status (SES) may refer to mixture of various factors such as poverty, occupation and environment. It is a way of measuring the standard and quality of life of individuals and families in society using social and economic factors that affect health and wellbeing ( Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Cockerham (2007 p75) argues: ‘Social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is the strongest predictor of health, disease causation and longevity in medical sociology.’ Research in the 1990s, (Drever and Whitehead, 1997) found out that people in higher SES are generally healthier, and live longer than those in lower SES.
In the early 1980s, wealthy Americans lived 2.8 years longer than the poor, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. The wealthy and poor were defined as the top and bottom 10% on a number of different economic measures. By the late 1990s the rich were living 4.5 years on longer and the gap has only widened since then (Hargreaves, 2013). A study from researchers at the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute examined a series of risk factors that help explain the health (or sickness) of counties in the United States. In addition to the suspects you might expect — a high smoking rate, a lot of violent crime — the researchers found that people in unequal communities were more likely to die before the age of 75 than people in more equal communities, even if the average incomes were the same (Sanger-Katz, 2015). The effect of inequality was statistically significant. The differences were small, but for every increment that a community became more unequal, the proportion of residents dying before the age of 75 went up (Sanger-Katz,
In today’s society, what was once said to be true and taken as fact regarding older people is no longer the whole story. As Laslett states, “At all times before the middle of the twentieth century and all over the globe the greater part of human life potential has been wasted, by people dying before their allotted time was up.” (1989a), and to a great extent a lot
Vincent, John A., Chris Phillipson, and Murna Downs. The Futures of Old Age. London: Sage
Ages 1 to 4 the main sources of death are injuries, cancer, congenital anomalies and manslaughter. Ages 15 to 34 leading reasons are injury, cancer, congenital anomalies, homicide, suicide, heart disease, HIV, and stroke. Ages 35 to 44 leading reasons for death are cancer, heart disease, suicide, and unintentional injury. Ages 45 to 54 leading reasons for death are cancer, heart disease, unintentional injury, and liver disease. Ages 55 and more leading reasons for death are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. How do these change across age groups? When all is said and done, as grown-ups become more established, their wellbeing status breaks down, and they require more health services administrations. After the age 65 chronic diseases multiply, and these outcomes cause a surge in health care expense for those
Mortality in France is fairly typical of a developed nation. It has a fully developed water treatment and sanitation system as well as access to modern medicines and medical equipment. Its citizens enjoy access to universal education and healthcare as well. Mortality rates in France have fallen so low that death before the 60-64 age category is uncommon and death during childhood is increasingly rare. The deaths that do occur are so few compared to the population that they have little to no effect on how life expectancy is calculated. (Barbier, Magali, Depledge 2013). The driving factors of mortality in this instance are
As American society has evolved in the past 100 years and technology has increased and improved, so has the life expectancy for individuals. Currently, females can expect to live for 81 years on average, while males can expect to live for 75 years, giving an average life expectancy of 78.3 years (Santrock, 2013, p.536). According to Santrock (2013), “since 1900, improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle have increased our life expectancy an average of 30 additional years,” but another important factor is the decreasing infant mortality, allowing a larger population of people, including older adults (p.536). Making good choices in diet, regular exercise, avoiding drugs and alcohol, along with getting enough sleep and maintaining a low and healthy stress level can all increase life expectancy. Relationships, emotional well-being, and having purpose all also play an important role in determining how long an individual will live. As people are living longer, more ...
Life expectancy statistically measures the average time an individual can be expected to live. In recent years, a significant increase in global life expectancy has been widely observed according to World Health Organization (WHO) data. However, the developing world has struggled with a short lifespan. In South Africa, inhabitants are only expected to live up to 62 years, 22 years lower than the Japanese average age. The reasons for this issue might lie on poor heath provision. This essay will analyze two optimal measurements to tackle with low life expectancy in South Africa.