1.1. Background of Study Speech act is actions performed via utterances (Yule, 1996: 47). Speech acts are divided into three acts, namely locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act (Austin, 1970). First, locutionary tells about what is said by people. The second, illocutionary act talks about what is the meaning behind an utterance. Illocutionary act is used to explain the real purpose of someone’s utterance. The third, perlocutionary tells about the effect of an utterance to the hearer. The real purpose of someone’s utterance sometimes will be interpreted differently by the hearer. That is why there will be several effects of just one utterance. For example, an utterance “it’s cold outside” (Yule, 1996: 55) can be interpreted …show more content…
2.3.1.1 Locutionary Act Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing linguistic expression. If a speaker has a difficulty in forming the sounds and words to create a meaningful utterance, then the speaker is failed to produce a locutionary act (Yule, 1996: 48). To make it simple, we can say that a locutionary act is the utterances said by a speaker. For example, there is a sentence which said “I’ve just made some coffee”; that sentence is called as locutionary act, because that sentence is the basic act of utterance (Yule, 1996: 48). 2.3.1.2 Illocutionary Act An illocutionary act is some kind of function in speaker’s mind when he/she says something. Most people do not just produce utterances without a purpose behind it (Yule, 1996: 48). We can simply say that an illocutionary act is what the speaker intends to deliver to the addressee (Kreidler, 1998: 181). For instance, the previous example “I’ve just made some coffee” might utter to make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for some other communicative purpose (Yule, 1996: 48). 2.3.1.3 Perlocutionary
Of these devices used were the anastrophe, alliteration, anaphora, and hypophora. In anastrophe, a sentence is carried out by abandoning the usual placement of words. An example of this found within the speech is, “...if there is to be advanced any proposal designed to ease even the smallest measure of tensions of today’s world…” 13 Alliteration is the repetition of the initial sound of words in a series. An example of alliteration found within this speech is “...atomic attack…” 14 An anaphora is the repeated use of a single word or group of words. An example of this devise found within this speech is “But for me to say that the defense capabilities of the United States are such..., for me to say that the retaliation capabilities of the United States…” 15 A hypophora is a question given that is shortly followed by an answer. This device is found in the speech when Eisenhower said, “Could anyone wish his name to be coupled by history with such human degradation and destruction? Occasional pages of history do record the faces of the “great destroyers,” but the whole book of history reveals mankind’s never-ending quest for peace…”
In 1767 many horrible things were happening to the thirteen colonies. England was punishing America for the way they were acting. They did not want the colonies to be independent; but wanted them to ask for permission to do things, and listen to what they were told. Just the year before, the Declaratory Act was passed stating that England could do what they wanted and America had to do as they said. They could pass any law onto the colonies and they would have to deal with it. Which leads to the Townshend Acts; “a series of measures introduced into the English Parliament by Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend in 1767” (Mifflin). The Townshend Acts began with the English parliament wanting to teach the colonies responsibility and ended in a massacre and boycott from all English products. Charles Townshend, being in charge of the treasury, came up with the idea to put a low tax on several small things so that the colonists would not be able to tell as much as a large tax on one thing. He proposed a tax on glass, led,
In his lectures included in How to Do Things With Words J.L. Austin seeks to exclude from his analysis of performative speech all utterances that do not fall under his notion of "ordinary speech".(2) Ordinary speech that is performative, according to Austin, effects a circumstance by means of the speaking, e.g. a sailor names a ship or a judge says, "I sentence you to six months' probation." Often, the desired effect is not produced because of what Austin calls "extenuating circumstances". But Austin's main concern is for what he refers to as instances of "relative purity" in which there is less a chance of failure or "infelicity" (his term) to spoil the intentions of the speech. Also to be excluded from his considerations are instances of citations of performative speech, as in a play:
rhetoricians had classified oratory into three types: the epideictic, forensic or judicial and the deliberative. These can be distinguished according to the context of delivery. The epideictic rhetoric is delivered in ceremonial occasions; the ideal context of forensic oratory is in the court of law, the deliberative type is practised in electoral rallies or parliamentary meetings.
What is the Intolerable Acts? Intolerable Acts is a law that the king passed to punish the
These devices can be applied more effectively by verbal communication. Firstly, face-to-face communication allows speaker to show his persistence, determination, establishing trust and constitute a strong emotional bond on audiences. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is an accurate masterpiece of rhetorical devices. In his speech, he quotes from the Constitution of the United States and builds up his own credibility, refers to the religious and patriotic documents by drawing attention on emotional values of many people. Additionally, he makes some rhythmic repetitions, which enriches the power of his words such as “Let freedom ring from”, “One hundred years later” and “Now is the time”. These strong traditions of verbal communication support political leaders in public speaking.“Anyone who has heard the speeches of Martin Luther King, such as are still available in recorded form will recognize the rhetorical features that lay behind such powerful words.” (Furniss, 2004, P. 88) Speakers who use paralinguistic features and rhetorical devices appropriately can give the message without isolating at the time of oral argument, while understanding the reactions of audiences and leading the
Stuart v. Nappi was class lawsuit Stuart’s mother filed against school personnel and the Danbury Board of Education because she claimed that her daughter was not receiving the rights granted in the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). Kathy Stuart was a student at Danbury High School in Connecticut with serious emotional, behavior, and academic difficulties. She was suppose to be in special education classes, but for some reason she hardly ever attended them. Kathy was involved in a school-wide disturbance. As a result of her complicity in these disturbances, she received a ten-day disciplinary suspension and was scheduled to appear at a disciplinary hearing. The Superintendent of Danbury Schools recommended to the Danbury Board of Education
Facts: Two residents of Virginia, Mildred Jeter a colored woman and Richard Loving a white man, got married in the District of Columbia. The Loving's returned to Virginia and established their marriage. The Caroline court issued an indictment charging the Loving's with violating Virginia's ban on interracial marriages. The state decides, who can and cannot get married. The Loving's were convicted of violating 20-55 of Virginia's code.
It is especially interesting that there is a difference between 1a and 1b in this definition, because this implies that there can be at least two meanings for a given event or utterance; what the meaner intends, and what the witness understands the meaning to be. The number of possible meanings grows when we consider that there may be many different meanings, or levels of meanings of the meaner. There could also be many witnesses to the event, each with her own interpretation. Each of these situations is like a different context, which could reveal a new sense.
The rule of law, simply put, is a principle that no one is above the law. This means that there should be no leniency for a person because of peerage, sex, religion or financial standing. England and Wales do not have a written constitution therefore the Rule of Law, which along with the parliamentary Sovereignty was regarded by legal analyst A.C Dicey, as the pillars of the UK Constitution. The Rule of Law was said to be adopted as the “unwritten constitution of Great Britain”.
luxury of using vocal intonations or body language to add to our meaning. If you call someone
On this concern, one general classification system lists five types of functions performed by speech acts: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives and commissives. Declarations are those kinds of speech acts through which the speaker changes the world via words, as in the case of a priest uttering "I now pronounce you husband and wife." As for representatives, they are those which state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. In using them, he/she makes words fit the world as in "the Earth is flat." In contrast, expressives are used to state what the speaker feels. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, like, dislikes, joy or sorrow; as in "I'm really sorry!". Regarding directives, they are those acts that speakers use to get someone else (the hearer) to do something. They express what the speakers and are commands, orders, requests or suggestions. An example of a directive speech act would be the utterance "would you lend me a pen, please?". Lastly, commissives are those speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker intends, are promises, threats, refusals or pledges and can be performed by the speaker alone or by the speaker as a member of a group as in "we will never do
The foundation of verbal meaning often lies in the silence of what is felt nonverbally and bodily.When writing goes well, it is often because we periodically pause and say, 'Is this what I mean to be saying?'It's amazing that we can answer that question:that we can tell whether a given set of words corresponds to an intention.The source of the answer is the feelings and the body-consulted in silence.When writing goes badly, it is often because we don't make these pauses for quiet consultations with felt sense. (Everyone Can Write 176)
For some people, they think that words are more significant than the actions. Although, the words can express and influence someone expressions, feelings and thoughts, yet, it is only the reflection of the action (Mina, 2012). Sometimes words are lies, they do not give any effect or impact. Words mean little and cannot be seen or proven if no actions are taken.
Speech is vitally important for a variety of reasons. I believe that our words can increase or decrease our level of happiness or even have a positive or negative effect towards our future. Speech helps us as a society to resolve issues in a respectful manner; it helps us get important points across and convey messages, it also helps us structure our ways of communicating. The importance of speech is giving us the ability to make situations more...