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The important concept of freedom in America
Personal freedom in society
The important concept of freedom in America
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The author of the article is Claude S. Fischer. He received both M.A and Ph.D in
Sociology from Harvard University. Now, he is working for Made In America which is a
Social History of American Culture and Character. First of all, Claude pointed out “Locality
is following the family, the premier locus for “community”, in the fullest sense of solidarity,
commitment, and intimacy”. Afterwards, he stated 4 different ways can prove Americans have
become more committed in localism. He also stated that the changes between families and
nations. In my point of view, localism could be a good thing but with many questions which need
to be answered.
An interesting phenomenon in contrasting vision of community is American history and
ideology
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However, when they find reasonable
excuse like better jobs, larger houses or convenient facilities, they will leave without guilt. From
my perspective, I can’t understand American’s behavior because it is against my country’s
culture. In China, people live in a three people family and have connection with other family
members closely. For example, my home and the other two aunts’ home are in the same
community and the elder aunt is taking care of my grandma. On the other hand, the parents in
China don’t let their children live alone whether they are over eighteen because they concern
that it is too dangerous for their children to leave their parents around eighteen. At least their
children can find a job first. For the children's side, they have responsibilities to take care of their
parents when their parents get old. Furthermore, they will be criticized if they abandon their
parents. In spite , because of different culture, people’s actions are different. The society would
also envelop people’s thoughts and behavior.
I got confused when I read the second understanding talks about “Americans have
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The second reason is that
the local commitment is increased by diffusing the urban population. The supporting example
that the author gave is low density housing and suburban governments help to generate local
commitments. The third reason is the homogenous neighborhoods have occurred. Claude has
mentioned that greater local homogeneity also reinforces neighboring and attachment to the
neighborhood. The fourth trend is increasing home ownership, Americans live different areas
to show noble value by income level. These four reasons actually support that American have
developed their local community. For instance, I have been attending learning community at
school. Actually, everything dorm hall has one to two learning communities for students to join
so that the students can have the connection with each other. This fact tells me that the society is
encouraging American to accept more local commitments and they are working on it.
However, in another perspective, Americans are somehow mobilizing. Due to the
development of modern technologies such as telephone and transportation method, Americans
do not only network and socialize in the area they live. Only a small portion of
States. Everyone had to prove that they were independent, capable, and willing to integrate into the cultural melting pot with its own identity of hard work, grit, and determination, which established and fostered success in American society. However, not everyone who chooses to take the adventure and risk associated with becoming American wishes to share in this identity. Many feel it necessary to shun the American identity and observe it with a level of disdain, disregarding the reasons themselves or previous generations may have immigrated to America for.
This is a difficult question to answer because there is not a right answer. The research of abnormal behavior supports both the universal and the cultural relativist approach.
One’s sense of place is determined by where they feel comfortable, at home, or simply welcomed. Millions of people consider their sense of place as being in an urban setting, but millions more are cast out of the urban space. What causes this “urban unevenness”? There are many factors to consider when thinking about the urban divide including race, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and physical and mental health to name a few. Massey’s essay, “Global Sense of Place”, discusses what she calls “time-space compression” which can explain why some people feel included in an urban space and others are excluded. Massey’s idea of “sense of place” is furthered by looking at examples from Williamson’s accounts of the destruction
In May of 1787, in the city of Philadelphia, the delegates from all of the thirteen states held a meeting in order to make a better union. The end result was the Constitution of the United States. The delegates discussed which form of government would be the best suited for both the security, and the freedom that many had wanted to add to this new government. The delegates had denied both the confederal and the unitary forms of the new government for the new form which is called Federalism. Which was to be described as the constitutional relationship between the United States and the Federal government. Federalism is different from the other two types of government, unlike the unitary form of government, which is ruled by the central government,
Hypothesis: “We hypothesize that the performance of individual members in such situations is likely to be highest when the members hold both individualist and collectivist orientations toward their work” (Hollenbeck, Humphrey, Meyer, Wagner, 2012, pg. 947).
A sense of place is the ideology that people possess when they feel that they belong to a given surrounding. Therefore, through their existence and a sense of belonging on a given environment, people do tend to have a special connection with their immediate surroundings, and therefore, they will do everything to protect their habitat. This, in a sense, is instrumental in affecting the positionality of people with such belonging to one given
Nationalism and imperialism both had good intentions individually, but when you combine the two, that’s when the results become disastrous and uncontrollable. Nationalism is the belief that one’s country should support everything it does, even the bad decisions. Imperialism is the belief that if someone truly supports their country that they would be willing to spread these ideals to other countries through democracy or in this case, war. The terrible effects of these combined were shown throughout the First World War. Many countries started getting a more advanced sense of excessive pride to their country and when imperialism began spreading decided to spread their “supreme” ideals to the rest of the world. The balance of powers that were established in the Congress of Vienna made all other countries scared of this sudden uprising and so war was inevitable. The war also started based off alliances and pacts tying together most countries. Once Serbia and Austria-Hungary went to war, every country followed, but not all followed because they were bound to do so. Most of the countries in the war were influenced heavily by nationalism, imperialism and somewhat of militarism. All together the war started because of these beliefs and continued because of them as well. If it wasn’t for the beliefs spread with nationalism and imperialism the First World War might never have started. Nationalism showed everyone that it was good for them to have excessive self-pride in their country, combined with imperialism teaching them that they should spread their supreme ideas, the results could have been worse. With just those two, some countries would try democracy and spreading that way. Militarism was also present during these times, which taught...
Sense of place is the “development of level of comfort and feelings of safety that are associated with a place” (Kopec, p. 62). These associations often translate into that desired sense of belonging, and allow individuals the ability to “develop feelings of attachment to particular settings based on combinations of use, attractiveness, and emotion” (Stokowski, 2002). Developing these psychological connections with certain places lends itself to the concept of place attachment, or, “a person’s bond with the social and physical environments of a place” (Kopec, p. 62). These places often hold deep meaning for people because their identities were established among their surroundings. This affiliation between a person and their place is often seen through personal connection, comfort, and security (Kopec, p. 131). Many people feel as though the place they are in should have its own “special character”, or an identity that defines it, and distinguishes it from other places (Kopec, p.1). Kopec states, “An environment’s distinct spatial features, how it compares with others, its connections to personal life paths, and its potential for change combine to affect the meanings places have for people”. An establishment of this sense of place identity ...
When it comes to anthropological theories, it is hard to prove or disprove them because everyone has different experiences in their lives within their different cultures that contribute to their opinion on that theory. I believe this is true with the theory of cultural relativism. My experiences within my own culture and the beliefs of my culture have led me to both agree and disagree with different aspects, or lack thereof, of cultural relativism. I believe there exists a duality within the theory of cultural relativism, a duality that I am familiar with and that has become a significant part of my culture. I am from the Twin Cities in Minnesota. The “Twin Cities” refers to Minneapolis and St. Paul. Only divided by a river (or in some cases, just a street), these cities are of equal, yet different importance in Minnesota culture. My experiences spending time in the two cities have led me to live in duel cultures. While many people live in a duality of cultures through their ethnicity, I identify with duel cultures based on geography. My experiences in both Minneapolis and St. Paul contribute to my ambivalence regarding cultural relativism. In Anthropology, there is a gray area when it comes to generalizing about cultures, because we all come from different ones. The idea of duality is a familiar one with which I can apply to my own life and my own culture, as well as to the well-known anthropological theory that tries to find an answer to the question of what culture is.
Ethics is defined as a study that deals with what behavior is considered to be, good or bad. Ethics is about doing what is right for other people throughout society (Kraft). Ethical principles result from religions, philosophies, and cultural ideas. The world is changing and so is everything in it, judgments about what is ethically right and wrong are also changing. Ethical relativism is important within society, along with utilitarianism, deontology, virtue-based ethics, and ethical principles of healthcare.
When linking the concept of cultural relativism to architecture, one would realize that both these components depend on each other. One cannot exist without the other (Kohler, 2003). Kohler remarks that in order for architecture to be progressive, The transfer and acceptance of technologies and techniques has to be based on a sound knowledge of regional culture (Kohler, 2003). In other words, the existing architecture or urban environment has to distinguish the features of regional diversity. Cultural exchange must consider the environment. No clash exists between regional and environmental appropriate construction techniques (Kohler, 2003). This is so because traditional architecture has adopted economic and environmental solutions. Conflict can only exist if one considers the ‘international style’ that has popularized the modern era with its high resource consumption. Kohler (2003) also stresses that there should be no regional cultural boundaries in order for architecture to be progressive (Kohler, 2003:86)
These relatives usually include grandparents, aunts and uncles, or cousins. Sometimes extended families live in large houses that allow immediate family members to receive their own space while stilling living in the same home, while other families have to cram their larger than normal families into a traditionally sized home. Extended family living can get a little hectic and crazy. Living with so many people, especially in a smaller environment can be overwhelming, but this type of lifestyle is sure to build a strong and loving relationship among family members. Those who live with their cousins or grandparents are undoubtedly going to be closer with them than if they lived in separate households. Living with others is an extremely intimate experience. Members must learn to work together and get along in order to exist together in peace. Extended family living is not something all people are able to do, but those who are able to do it create life lasting bonds with those they
I have a lot of cousins; therefore I am not the only grandchild for my grandparents. However, I was the only one that was raised by my grandparents. They spent the most of their times on me compared to my other cousins. For example, I slept with my grandma when I was young. Because of my body was weak, and my hands and feet usually cool all night, my grandma always held my hands and feet to make my body warm. She was told me fairy-tales or real stories at night when I was sick, because she wanted me to feel better. When I was little girl, on the family trip, grandpa always carried me, because he didn’t want me to walk too long. Living without the parent, it made me sad but my grandparents given too much love on
Nationalism is an ideology based on the basis that an individual's devotion and loyalty to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests:nation is the central entity which is a sense of identity and belongingness for the citizen.They always place their nation first before any other individual,group or country.When people attached to their nations deeply,they would sense emotions toward their nations-usually very intense or excessive.Nations are bodies that seek to be strong and pursue power by any means.Nationalism assumes that every nation has enemies that are intent on weaken such nation.It can be offensive to other nationalities when they want to explain how their nation is the best.
Since the 19th century, the world has experienced the birth of a phenomenon called nationalism. Nationalism can be defined as “loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all other and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interest as opposed to those of other nations” (Merriam Webster). Nationalism states that a nation, defined by common cultural, ethnic, or historical elements, is inclined to establish an “independent political community based on shared history and common destiny” (Mastin, 2008). Shared history and common destinies are the collective fate of a nation, a belief in which nationalism is deeply rooted. During the 18th century, European and Asian states were composed of multiethnic empires and dynasties. These monarchies were very diverse ethnically, historically, and linguistically, leading to a weak national identity for those under their rule. As organized, more modern sub-states of a larger empire began to identify their collective fate along with their cultural, political, and ethnic unity, nationalism arose giving way to the creation of nation states. Both the American and French Revolution were a direct result of nationalism. In the 19th century, nationalism was a particularly strong force as it typically was the key element for the independence and national unification of many nations in Europe and North America. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed, 2012) Since the 19th century, nationalism and a strong national identity remain some of the most powerful political forces as seen in its postulation of World War I and II as well as the conflict currently unfolding in Ukraine. Where there is not unified identity, a governm...