Lithium and Bipolar Disorder
INTRODUCTION
The drug lithium has been used for a variety of disorders such as
gout, diabetes, and epilepsy for over 100 years. It was not until
1949 when John Cade discovered that lithium had a calming effect
on guinea pigs that the possibilities of it being used for mania
were explored (Paykel, 1992). Since then, lithium has been
established as one of the primary treatments for manic depression
disorder. In the body of this paper we will explore the chemistry
of lithium, the synaptic transmitters involved, the parts of the
neuron affected, the inhibitory and excitatory potential changes,
the ion channels effected, the physiological changes, the primary
behavior changes, the side effect behavior changes and the effects
reported by users.
CHEMISTRY
Lithium is a chemical element found in group IA of the periodic
table, along with sodium, rubidium, and cesium. Lithium has an
atomic number of 3, and an atomic weight of 6.94. In general,
lithium is more stable than hydrogen, and slightly less stable
than nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen. When looking at chemical ion
properties, it is useful to consider three main characteristics:
the size, or radius, of the ion, the charge, and the ion's
electron affinity. Lithium has a similar charge to radius ratio to
that of magnesium, which is in group IIA of the periodic table,
and so chemists say that the two elements are "chemically
similar." Lithium has low electron affinity in general, but it is
strong compared to other alkali metal cations and therefore is
highly polarizing (Williams, 1973). Lithium is the lightest known
solid element, and when dissolved in liquid ammonia it has the
lowest known dens...
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Small, J, and Small, I. 1973. Pharmacology: Neurophysiology of
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Williams, R.J.P. 1973. The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Lithium.
In Gershon, S. and Baron Shopsin (Eds.), Lithium: its Role in
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According to the documentary, medicine is the most commonly used intervention mechanism to elevate and dull symptoms of bipolar disorder (2016). Of all the medicine used to combat bipolar disorder, lithium, is considered the “gold standard.” It has been shown to be the most effective and consistent and treating symptoms, however, only 30% of patients benefit from using lithium (2016). Other medications can be used, but have varying levels of effectiveness in patients. It often takes years for patients to find the right mixture of medication to help combat symptoms. For some patients with bipolar, medication is useless at fighting symptoms (2016). For example, the video followed Gary who was desperate for treatment and who was thought to be medication resistant. He elected to participate in Electro-convulsive therapy (ETC), which induces remission in 80% of patients and has been known to be rapidly effective for those with bi-polar disorder. For Gary, the treatment was used to apply electric current to the brain. This current changed the way neurons connect to one another in his brain and even stimulated the
Geddes, J. R., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2013). Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1672-1682. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0
Some Cambodians were shot. Others were hit over the head with hammers. Some Cambodians were executed by having their heads and other body parts cut off. At the end of the Cambodian Genocide (i.e. 1975-1979) over 2,400,000 innocent people were killed by the Khmer Rouge.
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In the example provided in regards to the blood specimen mislabeled case study, Mary, who is a medical assistant has made an error and when realizing her mistake has made a bad judgment call. Instead of taking responsibility for her actions and to avoid any repercussions, Mary decided not to correct the mislabeled blood samples in hopes the results for both patients will come back negative and the mistake will never be found. Mary does not clearly understand how the results of her actions could harm the patients instead of only seeing what possible problems it could cause for herself. I can see how this choice may seem harmless to a person and from an egoist perspective be viewed as doing what would be in the best interest for one’s self in the long term. Keith Goree, et al. (2013) Long term effects could mean that Mary would be fired and she would be out of a job, also it could prevent her from being able to ga...
After viewing the panel discussion about how our local school districts have implemented English Language Learning in their school, I am very intrigued. From what I gathered the field of ELL is a growing industry in education, especially in Colorado Springs. We have ELL’s students coming from all over the world. Here in Colorado Springs alone, school districts have to accommodate for over fifty different languages spoken by ELL’s. I can only imagine the challenge that comes with such a diverse group of non- English speakers in our community schools.
Schmied, L. A., Steinberg, H., & Sykes, E. A. B. (2006). Psychopharmacology's debt to experimental psychology. History of Psychology, 9, 144-157.
Many people believe that slavery has been a worldwide issue that was left in the past, however, it is still a part of society today and is now known as human trafficking. Human trafficking is defined as a hidden crime understate, federal and international law that involves the exploitation of a person through the use of fraud, coercion or mental and physical abuse (DEF). Throughout the world, many human beings are being trafficked across countries. According to the Washington Post, there are about 30 million slaves in the world and 60,000 in the US (EVD). Human trafficking is more pervasive in Ending Human Trafficking
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Nichols, D. E., & Chemel, B. R. (2011). LSD and the serotonin system's effects on human
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