This presentation will explain the basic concept of linking verbs.
Linking verbs are verbs that do not perform any action. For example is, was, were, are all part of linking verbs.
COPULAR VERBS OR LINKING VERBS
Add copula verb is also called a linking verb.
It is a word that connects the subject to the complement.
It has the function of describing the subject.
It is a verb denoting a sensation or existence.
Verbs can be classified as primary verbs, auxiliaries and full verbs.
Full verbs can be classified as transitive, intransitive and copular.
The word copula means ‘a connecting word’ or ‘link’ in Latin. In English linguistics, Copular Verbs express a “copular” relationship between the subject and the verb.
Linking verbs don't express action but help complete statements about the subject by describing or identifying it.
Example: is, feel, seem, appear, sound, etc
Slide 2
EXAMPLES:-
Alan is happy.
The child feels feverish.
The music sounds good.
The sentences don't tell you what Chacko, the child, and the music did but rather what they are.
So linking verbs don’t show what a person is doing, but his state of being or quality.
So, copular verbs or linking verbs do not show action like main verbs. They rather link
Or connect the subject to a subject complement.
(The complement is the part of the sentence that follows the verb and it will contain additional information that describes or identifies the subject).
Examples:
• Larry looks happy.
Here, looks is a linking verb while happy is the complement that describes and identifies Larry. Larry is the subject
• The play was good.
Here, was is the linking verb; good is the complement and play is the subject
LINKING VERBS ARE DIFFERENT FROM ACTION VERBS.
Linking verbs do not express action. They give added information about the subject
Look at the examples below:
1) Thelma is a workaholic.
In this example, is connects the subject, Telma, to added information about her ->that she shows much dedication to her work.
2) During noon break, the kids are happy to take a nap.
Here, the linking verb is describing the subject, kids->that they enjoy sleeping during break.
3) After drinking the juice milk, Josh turned green.
Turned connects the subject, Josh->and says that he needed a medication.
It is common for most languages to have one main copula. In English, The verb be is often referred to as the COPULAR. It can be followed by a noun, adjective, or prepositional phrase.
Richard Lanham, in a Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, defines zeugma as follows and again cites an example in Pope: "One verb governs several congruent words or clauses, each in a different way, as in 'The Rape of the Lock':
the link are objects that stayed with the narrator throughout the story. On page 548 he
One way music serves as a link is by tying the emotions of the reader to the situation and state of mind of the characters or community. The first instance of this is when the community is mourning the death of Robbins. The music starts with a crude call and response cry.
Unfortunately, our experience of constant conjunction only tells us about the past. Rationally, that is all it tells us. We can expect the effect to follow the cause, but it is not a sufficient basis to assume the effect will come from the cause in the future. These things are contingent- they could be different. “The connect...
...e transitive verb. In syntax, Basque is accusative and superficial, while in morphology it is ergative. “Basque represents the rather rare type of both nominal and verbal egrativity without any split” Bossong, 1984). So in syntax Basque function as an ergative that goes as far that overt marking can aim towards grammatical relations.
A predicate must also be present in a logic sentence, and it must be relative to the subject by means of the verb "to be." It is necessary for the subsistence of such a sentence because of the previous definition of the subject. The subject is the item about which something is said, and the predicate is the part of the statement that says something about the subject. In other words, nothing can be revealed about the subject in a logic sentence unless something is said about that subject. However, the predicate must be tied to the subject by the verb "to be", otherwise the result would be that the predicate would be making a statement about a subject that does not exist.
Donnellen (1966) criticized the Russell and Strawson’s view. He claimed that there are attributive and referential uses of definite description. The former is about attributively using definite description in an assertion which stating something about “A is B”. The latter is about speaker using the description to let the audience to know what is “A is B” about. Donnellen claimed that Russell focus on former and Strawson focus on latter.
verbs usually do not '' . In the past tense all different subjects agree with the same
to the reader. By doing this, the author opens up lots of verbs to be
Grice’s theory of implicature centers on what he has named the “Cooperative Principle,” and how it relates directly to conversational implications that occur in our daily speech. In the implicature section of his essay “Logic and Conversation,” Grice explains that there are common goals of conversation that we try to achieve within our discussions. For example, some of these common goals are that there is a shared aim of the conversation, each person’s contributions to the conversation should be dependent upon each other, and the conversation continues until it is mutually agreed that it is over. In order to preserve these goals, we find it easiest, as cooperative human beings, to stick to the Cooperative Principle, and along with it, the maxims that Grice lays out. Based on an assumption that we do not generally deviate from this Cooperative Principle without good reason, we can find out things that are implicitly stated. Implicature is the part of our spoken language when these maxims are broken purposefully, and it involves the implicitly understood form of communication: things that are implied or suggested. While Grice’s theory of implicature is a very careful assessment of implied statements, there are some faults that are found within his argument. Because of these issues, Grice’s theory neither offers a solution to the formalist and infomalist problems, nor provides an infallible method of evaluating implicature in everyday conversation.
On this concern, one general classification system lists five types of functions performed by speech acts: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives and commissives. Declarations are those kinds of speech acts through which the speaker changes the world via words, as in the case of a priest uttering "I now pronounce you husband and wife." As for representatives, they are those which state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. In using them, he/she makes words fit the world as in "the Earth is flat." In contrast, expressives are used to state what the speaker feels. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, like, dislikes, joy or sorrow; as in "I'm really sorry!". Regarding directives, they are those acts that speakers use to get someone else (the hearer) to do something. They express what the speakers and are commands, orders, requests or suggestions. An example of a directive speech act would be the utterance "would you lend me a pen, please?". Lastly, commissives are those speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker intends, are promises, threats, refusals or pledges and can be performed by the speaker alone or by the speaker as a member of a group as in "we will never do
Nkemleke, Daniel, ‘A corpus-based study of the Modal verbs in Cameroon written English’ PhD Thesis in Progress (University of Yaoundé I, 2002 ).
In the continuous we can use verbs such as be, have, hate, like, love, need, prefer, seem, understand, etc. This are called non-progressive verbs.
Linking number is a link invariant. The linking number of a splittable two-component link is 0.
The common structure of forming a passive voice is: BE + P.P ( the combine of “to be verb” with the “past participle” (P.P) of the main verb). We call this as “Be passive”. Be passive can be used in various tenses.