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Brown vs. Board of Ed./Little Rock
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In the year of 1896, the court ruled that it was legal to have "separate but equal" schools, in the case Plessy v. Ferguson. Thurgood Marshall, the main lawyer for NAACP decided he was going to challenge this. To do this he used 7 year- old Linda Brown's case. This African American girl was not allowed to attend an all- white school just down the street, rather than one across town. After that, the Brown family asked the court to let her go to the nearby school but sadly lost. Thurgood took little Linda's case all the way to the Supreme Court. They argued saying, that under segregation, schools provided for African Americans were not- and could not be- equal to white schools. On May 17 in the year of 1954, the court gave its ruling, Furthermore,
they ruled 9-0 saying that separating schoolchildren would be violating the Constitution. The Court's decision only applied to public schools though. No one knew at the time, but this would lead to the biggest civil rights movement. Many people did not agree with the court's decision to desegregate public school. All though the Supreme Court's decision did not put a stop to desegregation on its own in schools, it did fuel the nation's civil right movement. Therefore, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine, the Supreme Court had set a legal precedent that was used to overturn laws that enforced segregation in schools and public places. Forevermore, the case Brown v. The Board of Education will be remembered in history for sparking the largest civil rights movement. John F. Kennedy was a known war hero to many, but he was also known for his family's wealthiness. In the year 1960 he ran for president. Kennedy and Nixon's debates were the first ones televised and they argued after who won. Many people did not think democrat JFK could be loyal to the country because of his religion. On January 20, 1961, John F. Kennedy became the 35th P-O-T-D-U-S. Sadly, when Kennedy visited Dallas, Texas, in November of 1963 he was shot and killed. His death was a conspiracy, many people are still trying to see what really happened. JFK's VP, Lyndon B. Johnson became president, he was for civil rights.
Jane Parks-Mckay, 63, placed a boiling pot of macaroni on the stove and lit the flame when she noticed grease ringing in the burner. During this time, she had an idea that seemed logical at the time. She pulled out a roll of paper towels that she had dipped in vinegar, and she started to clean. The flame still continued.
T. Paulette Sutton is one of the world’s leading experts in bloodstains and is the former Assistant Director of Forensic Services and Director of Investigations at the University of Tennessee, Memphis. She has been involved in nationally known murder cases and has worked hard during her long career to make a position contribution to the legal system. Sutton says, “Its best for my fellow man that we get the killers off the street.” Since 2006 Sutton has been officially retired but continues to teach, consult, and testify about her area of expertise.
On August 23, 1980 in Conroe, Texas, is 40 miles north of Houston, a 16-year-old girl, Cheryl Fergeson, disappeared while searching for a women’s restroom at Conroe High School (Gores, 1991). Cheryl was the manager of the Bellville High girls’ volleyball team visiting Conroe High School for a preseason scrimmage. Later that day while searching for the girl two janitors, Clarence Brandley who is black, and Henry Peace who is white, found the girl’s body hidden under some scenery flats in the loft above the auditorium stage. Cheryl has been raped and strangled to death. Clarence and Henry were interrogated and made to sign statements. The two janitors were then taken to the hospital and made to give sperm, blood, and hair samples from their head
Question 1: a) Donna Gamble is an Aboriginal woman who lives in her hometown of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. She is a former ward of the state and has spent a significant part of her youth inside juvenile correction centres. At a young age she started using drugs and alcohol as a form of escape and resorted to prostitution as a means of sustaining her habits. Donna has six children, all with the exception of the youngest two who were placed in the custody of child services. Donna has quit working as a prostitute and is currently on the road to recovery from years of addiction and abuse.
Rosa Lee Cunningham is a 52-year old African American female. She is 5-foot-1-inch, 145 pounds. Rosa Lee is married however, is living separately from her husband. She has eight adult children, Bobby, Richard, Ronnie, Donna (Patty), Alvin, Eric, Donald (Ducky) and one child who name she did not disclose. She bore her eldest child at age fourteen and six different men fathered her children. At Rosa Lee’s recent hospital admission to Howard University Hospital emergency room blood test revealed she is still using heroin. Though Rosa Lee recently enrolled in a drug-treatment program it does not appear that she has any intention on ending her drug usage. When asked why she no longer uses heroin she stated she doesn’t always have the resources to support her addiction. Rosa Lee is unemployed and receiving very little in government assistance. She appears to
Joyce Stewart is seventy two year old, white female that lives in the small town of Candor New York. She has spent the majority of her life taking care of other people, including her eight children; now six due to tragic circumstances. She also was a house wife trying to survive being a mother to her children while her husband was away in the Navy. She now is a widow; her second husband passed away about ten years ago. She grew up on a farm with a low socio economic status; she overcame circumstances that she was dealt by working her entire life and eventually living a more financially stable life. Joyce is not rich by any means, but is able to live comfortably. She owns her own house that she and
The primary diagnosis for Amanda Anderson is separation anxiety disorder (SAD) with a co-morbidity of school phobia. Separation anxiety disorder is commonly the precursor to school phobia, which is “one of the two most common anxiety disorders to occur during childhood, and is found in about 4% to 10% of all children” (Mash & Wolfe, 2010, p. 198). Amanda is a seven-year-old girl and her anxiety significantly affects her social life. Based on the case study, Amanda’s father informs the therapist that Amanda is extremely dependent on her mother and she is unenthusiastic when separated from her mother. Amanda was sitting on her mother’s lap when the therapist walked in the room to take Amanda in her office for an interview (Morgan, 1999, p. 1).
On October 10, 1927, Clarence L. Johnson Sr. & his wife Garnett Henley Johnson gave birth to yet another daughter by the name of Hazel Winifred Johnson in West Chester, Pennsylvania. After, her and her family moved to a Quaker town called Mavern. She was born into a family whose values were strictly discipline, diligence, unity, and pursuit of education. Between her and her other 6 siblings (2 sisters and 4 brothers), Hazel was the one out of them all who always dreamed of being a nurse. She went and applied for Chester School of Nursing, however, she was denied because she was an African American. After being denied to Chester’s School of Nursing, Johnson went on to further her education elsewhere by going to start training at the Harlem Hospital School of Nursing where she graduated in 1950. She then goes on to work in the Harlem Hospital Emergency Ward for 3 years and then practiced on the medical cardiovascular ward at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Philadelphia, all while working to get her baccalaureate at Villanova University. (Hazel Johnson-Brown: Visionary Videos: NVLP: African American History)
Their story started in 1954 when Brown v Board of Education ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional. It was the first legal decision that opposed the ‘separate but equal’ doctrine that had become standard since the Plessy v Ferguson case in 1896 which propagated segregation: “'separate' facilities provided for blacks and whites were legally acceptable provided that they were of an 'equal' standard” (Kirk, “Crisis at Central High”). Little Rock, Arkansas, was on...
Discrimination in the workplace continues to be topics and issues of discussion, despite efforts to minimize or eliminate its ugly head. Discrimination is defined as the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people based on race, gender, disability or age (Fieser, 2015). Furthermore, some companies has used other forms in conjunction with discrimination like sexual harassment to mask unjust treatment in the workplace. Lilly Ledbetter was an employee at Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Inc. for over 19 years. During this period, she consistently received low rankings in her annual performance-and-salary reviews. As a result, Lilly received significantly lower raises than her male counterparts, which led to her filing a civil lawsuit
The case started in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away. Linda's father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school seven blocks from her house, but the principal of the school refused simply because the child was black. Brown went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka's branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help (All Deliberate Speed pg 23). The NAACP was eager to assist the Browns, as it had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools. The NAACP was looking for a case like this because they figured if they could just expose what had really been going on in "separate but equal society" that the circumstances really were not separate but equal, bur really much more disadvantaged to the colored people, that everything would be changed. The NAACP was hoping that if they could just prove this to society that the case would uplift most of the separate but equal facilities. The hopes of this case were for much more than just the school system, the colored people wanted to get this case to the top to abolish separate but equal.
In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision set that “separate” facilities for blacks, and whites was constitutional. With the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Plessy was overturned along with the separate but equal implementation. The Brown v. Board of Education case all started with African American children who were denied acceptance in white schools. In a PBS Article the author discusses how a case was filed against the Topeka Kansas school board by Oliver Brown. Alexander McBride states “Brown v. Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by representative-plaintiff Oliver Brown, parent of one of the children denied access to Topeka 's white schools. Brow...
The U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas heard Brown's case from June 25-26, 1951. At the trial, the NAACP argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites; therefore, the schools were unequal. The Board of Education's defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation they would face during adulthood. The board also argued that segregated schools were not necessarily harmful to black children; great African Americans had overcome much more than just segregated schools and became very successful.
In the 1954 court ruling of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of schools was unconstitutional and violated the Fourteenth Amendment (Justia, n.d.). During the discussion, the separate but equal ruling in 1896 from Plessy v. Ferguson was found to cause black students to feel inferior because white schools were the superior of the two. Furthermore, the ruling states that black students missed out on opportunities that could be provided under a system of desegregation (Justia, n.d.). So the process of classification and how to balance schools according to race began to take place.
In the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, the Court ruled segregation constitutional as long as the white and nonwhite facilities were physically equal (163 U.S. 537). In 1938, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) began and continually challenged the decision, resulting in several small victories where facilities were ordered to integrate. Furthermore, the Fair Employment Practices Commission called for the integration of labor unions, and President Truman ordered desegregation of the armed forces. In 1953, the parents of Linda Brown, an eight-year-old African American girl living in Kansas, filed suit against the Board of Education of Topeka in an attempt to force the school to enroll her at a white campus closer to home. Brown appealed the Federal District Court’s decision that equal segregated public schools were constitutional to the U.S.