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How do police use discretion
Police discretion and dilemmas
Police discretion and dilemmas
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Lilly Featherstone was searched and asked questions at the festival campsite by the police. The police have acted lawfully at this stage as the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) s 1. States that any person can be stopped and searched by a constable at public places for stolen or prohibited articles, however, police must have reasonable grounds in order to carry out a search. The festival campsite is considered to be a public area and the police had reasonable grounds for suspecting that they would found the articles as she has fitted the description the victims had gave such has black curly hair, Dr Martens boots and one of the victims have said that she had lots bracelets on her arm which Lilly Featherstone seem to match.
Code
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PACE s 2 and Code A explains that the officer must state his name, his police station and purpose for the search, the police officers in this case have inform her the reason for this search, however, they have not told her their names and station which is considered to be unlawful. The street search must be just outer clothing which the officer have conducted successfully, but they did not take a record of the search which they must do immediately and ask her if she wants the copy of it.
Lilly Featherstone was arrested by the police, PC Taylor puts handcuffs on Featherstone and says, ‘that’s it, you’re arrested.’ Which is lawful because in common law the arrestor should make it clear to the defendant that they are arrested either verbally or by physical activity which they put handcuffs on her which meets the physical side they have verbally told her that she is arrested. PACE s 28 also states that arrest must be made clear and they should tell the grounds for the arrest. Featherstone was arrested without a warrant under statute which is section 24 of PACE 1984. A constable may is allowed to arrest any person
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Under Code C Para 11.1 the suspect must not be interviewed at police car about the offence they have being suspect of except in the police station or there is risk that the delay could cause consequences such as physical harm to someone or interference with evidence. Featherstone have continually talked about how she has missed the festival. She stated, ‘I don’t know what all the fuss is about. It was only a few phones.’ Which the PC Jones have noted in his notebook that she has confessed her offence, however, this would not be accepted as evidence as it is obtained unlawfully under PACE s 30. When Featherstone arrives to the station custody officers opens a record and explains her the legal rights she has and she has the right to have legal advice which is all lawful under section 36 of the PACE
The issue that this case raises, is whether or not the officers had the right to search the car of a person who they just arrested, while the person is handcuffed and placed in the back of a squad car?
As a result of the suspect, P.C Spicer asked the defendant for a piece of identification, and Mr.Nanokeesic responded the identification was in his backpack and P.C Spicer told him to get it. Nevertheless, the other office P.C Bannon formed intention to search his backpack during the unlawful detention. The police said “perhaps I need to look for you.” At this point he reached out for the strap of Mr.Nanokeesic’s backpack. In R.v.Mohamd, the court held that the Officer must subjectively believe that person is committing or has committed an indictable offence and their belief is based on objectively reasonable grounds. There was no evidence of Mr.Nanokeesic was committing an indictable offence. Also, the detention of Mr.Nanokeesic was unreasonable and unlawful. In short, the police did not have any lawful basis to conduct a
The search is not considered legal, and not covered under the plain site doctrine. Myer’s fourth amendment protection against illegal search and seizure was violated by testing the bloody
Rosa Lee Cunningham is a 56 year old African American female. She is referred to the facility from Howard University Hospital. She was treated for a condition called osteomyelitis, which resulted from a bacterial infection while using heroin (Dash, 2006). Rosa Lee states that on October 7, 1983, she injected cocaine, which resulted in her being hospitalized at D.C. General Hospital (Dash, 2006). Prior to her hospital visit in 1983, she injected heroin, cocaine, and various substances. After a horrible breakup with her girlfriend, she used heroin for the first time (Dash, 2006). She stated that she uses speed ball of cocaine, heroin mixed injection as well as Prelundin, occasionally (Dash, 2006).
After arriving at Miss Mapp’s residence and failed to gain permission to enter the residence the three Cleveland police officers should have gone to the DA and retrieved a real search warrant. The fact that they tried to pass off a piece of paper as a search warrant is useless and everything that they find cannot be used against her in court. All of the paraphernalia regarding the bombing that they found is useless because of the pursuant search warrant. Because Miss Mapp did not answer the door when they came back they forced their way into the house and conducted an illegal search. When Miss Mapp’s attorney arrived the police officers would not let the attorney into the house. When Miss Mapp grabbed the purported search warrant the police officers struggled with her to retrieve it and did. Miss Mapp was then placed under arrest as the police conducted a widespread search of the residence wherein obscene materials were found in a trunk in the basement. Miss Mapp was convicted of possessing these material...
Rosa Lee Cunningham is a 52-year old African American female. She is 5-foot-1-inch, 145 pounds. Rosa Lee is married however, is living separately from her husband. She has eight adult children, Bobby, Richard, Ronnie, Donna (Patty), Alvin, Eric, Donald (Ducky) and one child who name she did not disclose. She bore her eldest child at age fourteen and six different men fathered her children. At Rosa Lee’s recent hospital admission to Howard University Hospital emergency room blood test revealed she is still using heroin. Though Rosa Lee recently enrolled in a drug-treatment program it does not appear that she has any intention on ending her drug usage. When asked why she no longer uses heroin she stated she doesn’t always have the resources to support her addiction. Rosa Lee is unemployed and receiving very little in government assistance. She appears to
The Court sets up their argument by listing two competing concerns which must be accommodated in defining a voluntary consent. They are the legitimate need for such searches and the requirement of assuring the absence of coercion. The Court digresses from the case at hand with the first concern. The facts of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte indicate that the suspects were stopped for the violation of having lights burned out on their automobile. Given these circumstances there is no legitimate need to search for further evidence. All the proof needed to give a ticket for...
Discrimination in the workplace continues to be topics and issues of discussion, despite efforts to minimize or eliminate its ugly head. Discrimination is defined as the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people based on race, gender, disability or age (Fieser, 2015). Furthermore, some companies has used other forms in conjunction with discrimination like sexual harassment to mask unjust treatment in the workplace. Lilly Ledbetter was an employee at Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Inc. for over 19 years. During this period, she consistently received low rankings in her annual performance-and-salary reviews. As a result, Lilly received significantly lower raises than her male counterparts, which led to her filing a civil lawsuit
The purpose of stop and search, an investigative tool to prevent crime is arguably different to the current practice of this procedure, current research suggests that it is used to gain intelligence and for social control (Bowling and Phillip, 2007). Following this, there is substantial evidence suggesting that thirty police forces have no understanding of how to use their powers to complete a stop and search (HMIC, 2013). Furthermore, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984, c60) states that a police officer can only stop and search a citizen if they have reasonable grounds to suspect they have stolen or prohibited items on their person. However, statistical evide...
In keeping within current legislation on the protection and respect of an individuals’ right of anonymity, (Clamp, Gough and Land 2004; Polit and Beck 2007), and to confidentiality, (Burns and G...
right to remain silent. If somebody abducts your child and the police apprehend a suspect, they
In the case, whereas, Stacey is a suspect in an embezzlement investigation; the police believes she is hiding evidence in her neighbor’s home. Yes, law enforcement officer can obtain a search, under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, police may engage in "reasonable" searches and seizures. (FindLaw, 2017) However, the police must obtain a warrant of an affidavit for probable cause from a judge. The officer in Stacey’s case had the reason of suspicion to believe Stacey was hiding evidence upon being investigated. Depended on the exigent circumstances a search may be conducted with or without a warrant. The fact that Stacey’s neighbor refuses to consent, the officer will have to obtain a search warrant. The police may not perform a warrantless search anywhere a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy unless one of the warrant exceptions applies. (FindLaw, 2017) In Stacey’s case, the law enforcement officers must act quickly to prevent the destruction of evidence, and the successful flight of the suspect. "Warrantless searches that occur when exigent circumstances exist are valid" (Hall, 2014, p. ) If Stacey’s neighbor does not have a private investment in the items or evidence, the police can take them into custody and, in effect, no "search" has occurred.
A search is defined as an examination of a place, vehicle, or person which is conducted by an officer of law for the purpose of finding objects that are believed to relate to criminal activity. According to the Fourth Amendment a search cannot be conducted unless there is first probable cause. A search warrant is an order in writing which is issued by the proper judicial authority in the name of the people. The search warrant is directed to law enforcement officers, commanding the officers to search for a certain personal property, and commanding the officer to bring that property before the judicial authority which is named in the warrant.
However, there are limitations. Police would require Janice to state their name, address and is required to give evidence of correctness (PR Code s 40-41). If Janice stayed silence here and the police have acted within their authority, then it would be an offence.
For my case study, I worked with a nine-year-old name Lilly, she comes from a Hispanic background. The languages spoken at home are Spanish and English, when I asked her which language she prefers to use she said she didn’t care for neither, she didn’t prefer one over the other. According to Lilly, she doesn’t have many books at home even though her mom used to tell her it was important for her read every day, but her mom stopped telling her to read every day now that she is fourth grade. She said she has eleven books at home, four of those books are “American Girl” books, which is a series of books, four other books are Disney books and the rest she said are too easy for her to read now. Among that series of “American Girl” her favorite one is the “American Girl” book that talks about cooking and baking. She doesn’t enjoy reading at home or at school, her favorite subject is mathematics. Even though Lilly’s mom doesn’t read to her she said she reads with her dad on the weekends. She doesn’t have any sisters, she has an older brother who is eleven years old.