Lateritic Soils in the Tropics: The Problems and Management Possibilities
The soil name "laterite" comes from a Latin word "later" meaning brick. It is an appropriate name, as soils under this classification are characterized by forming hard, impenetrable and often irreversible pans when dried (Soils and Soil Fertility 1993). Lateritic soils are also characterized by their low soil fertility. Due to the high rate of weathering, and resulting low charge minerals, the soil is unable to retain the nutrients needed for plant growth (Ibid., Coleman 1989).
Laterite soils have many names. In the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization they have been named Ferralsols and Acrisols, and in the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy, Oxisols and Ultisols. Ferralsols, like Oxisols have high iron and aluminum oxide contents, whereas Acrisols and Ultisols are characterized by extreme stages of weathering (Oades 1989).
Below, we take a look at the formation of lateritic soils, the importance of biota for soil fertility and some suggestions for laterite management.
Soil Formation
Both climate and parent material are important in the pedogenic processes which go into the formation of lateritic soils. Laterite soils are formed in moist, well-drained, tropical conditions (usually in areas with a significant dry season) on a variety of different types of rocks with high iron content. (See Appendix 1.) Initial stages of weathering lead to the formation of kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides. Micro and macro-level movements of iron through soil minerals also begins to occur (Nahon 1986).
Next, mottled clay layers are formed. Iron oxyhydroxides continue to migrate within the soil profile, becoming more crysta...
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...69 - 190.
- Oades, J. Malcolm, Gavin P. Gillman, and Goro Uehara with Nguyen V. Hue, Meine van Noordwijk, G. Philip Robertson and Koji Wada. " Interactions of Soil Organic Matter and Variable-Charge Clays" IN: " In: David C. Coleman, J. Malcolm Oades and Goro Uehara (eds.), Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems: Hawaii, NifTAL Project University of Hwawii Press, 1989. p. 69 - 95.
- Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda For Agriculture, Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation, Board on Agriculture., National Research Council: Washington D.C., National Academy Press, 1993. p. 218.
- Soils and Soil Fertility, Frederick R. Troeh and Louis M. Thompson (eds.), New York, Oxford University Press, 1993. p. 311, 321 - 322.
- Wambeke, Armand Van. Soils of the Tropics: Properties and Appraisal: New York, McGraw Hill Inc, 1992. p. 139 - 161.
1865 to a series of plots to abduct Lincoln and use his capture to nullify the Union’s war aims. Every
Powell; all who had served the confederacy to some level and have remained adherent to the rebel cause. Booth also forewarned Confederate Sympathizers in lower Maryland as a back plan if conspirators needed to transport Lincoln into Virginia. Conspirators would then begin analyzing maps of the White House, considering hidden passages and dwellings as well as surveillance of the President’s day to day activities. Mid-March, Booth and his conspirators were ready to act on their abduction plan however Lincoln would fail to emerge where they assumed he would be and the plan foiled. Following, O’Laughlin, Arnold, and Surratt would turn away from Booth and the kidnapping plot would descent all together causing Booth to drink heavily. As Lincoln continued to work to restore the Union and abolish slavery, Booth’s conduct became progressively agitated and perilous in nature. By Good Friday, after Lincoln’s reconstruction speech, Booth had constructed his final scheme to murder President Lincoln. He had directed Atzerodt and Powell, with the assistance of Herold, to kill Vice-President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State
In March of 1864 John Wilkes Booth, a Southern Confederate sympathizer, conceived a plan to kidnap Abraham Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, to be held hostage until the North agreed to continue exchanging prisoners. In late 1860, Booth had been initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore. He attended Lincoln's second inauguration on March 4, 1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale. On March 17, 1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital. He intended that his men should join him on a nearby stretch of road in order to capture the President on his way back from the hospital. Booth found out that Lincoln had not gone to the play after all. Instead, he had attended a ceremony at the National Hotel in which officers of the 142nd Indiana Infantry presented Governor Oliver Morton with a captured Confederate battle flag.
The first Element is the Tone. The tone of a poem is very important. It sets the mood for the reader. In “Nighttime Fires” the reader can come to realize that the tone may be glum. If the reader would first take the word nighttime and we can figure out that it is not going to be a bright sunny happy poem, because night gives a short of dark and dreary mood to it. Next we have Fires; fires are usually not good, unless planned. When we see the word fire, we can tell that it may bright up this night. Once we get passed the title, Barreca opens up with: “…we drove to see nighttime fires. Piled seven of us, all pajamas and running noses…drove fast toward smoke (Barreca).” The tone is now officially set. They are piled into a car in their pajamas, so we know this was not planned. The tone seems sort of rushed now. Not only are they all crammed into the car, but they are then speeding down the road to get to this fire. Next we have “he woke my mother, and she pushed and shoved us all into waking (Barreca).” Again, it is becoming clear this was not planned. Now, saying this tone is rushed, does not mean it is frightening. None of the words seem to show signs of fear, it al...
The rich dark soil of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, and Colorado—an area also known as the Great Plains—formed from thousands of years of soil forming factors in action (Surviving the Dust Bowl). From the beginning of human populations living in the area, the soils, for the most part, remained untouched and unscathed by the plow. Thick prairie grasses covered the area and held the soils in the ground even during the periodic times of drought. This area of land was suitable for grazing practices and it was in this area that the large cattle ranches flourished. Little did the newly arrived farmers realize that this seemingly plentiful land followed a pattern of several years of rain followed by several years of drought and high winds.
Virgil’s The Aeneid, to this day, remains one of the most influential epics to ever grace the merciless limitations of manuscript, inspiring, in pop culture as well as literature, an onslaught of themes, mythology, values, and the general sense of what a hero must be-or do- in order to overcome the obstacles of the gods and man. Written somewhere between 29 and 19 BC, consisting of twelve books (although never completely finished), The Aeneid takes us through the turbulent journeys and prophesied triumphs of Aeneas, a warrior and man bound by piety and destiny. Like usual, in every great epic, there are many battles: heads gashed open and gore galore; however, to say that this master piece is just for men would be atrocious, considering that Venus, Aeneas’s mother (the goddess of hunt, extremely beautiful), plays a major role in the book from beginning to end, but, although women are portrayed as a symbol of strength (most of the time, at least), one cannot ignore the invocation to the muse at the very beginning: “I sing of arms and of the man” (3). Through the wars, travels, monsters, and grief that awaits our protagonist, I feel that the relationship between Aeneas and Dido, the queen of Carthage, holds special relevance in my life, for I have loved and lost as well, but one thing may surprise you, I have seen it through the eyes of Dido, not Aeneas. Fortunately, for me, I didn’t have to sacrifice myself, but I did learn to love, relish it, and then, sadly, let it go.
Female characters who take on more active and independent roles frequently do so through their sexuality, one of the few instruments of agency at their disposal. These women are portrayed as temptresses who are obstacles to be overcome by the male heroes; hence, an antagonistic role. An example of this is the Aeneid’s Dido, the powerful independent queen who exerts power over Aeneas through seduction, tempting him to remain in Carthage rather than follow his fate, and so making her an (inadvertent) antagonist. Describing her suicide, Vergil states “Dido was dying a death that was neither deserved nor predestined, but premature: a poor woman, swept up by the quick fire of madness,” (4.696-697). Here Dido displays great agency by controlling her own fate, but this agency is self-destructive, suggesting that women cannot use agency for good ends. The Odyssey also shows the vilification of powerful women using their sexuality, when Agamemnon says of his wife “But now, in the depth of her villainy, she has branded with infamy not herself alone but the whole of her sex, even the
Davis, J. G., R. M. Waskom, and T. A. Bauder. Managing Sodic Soils. Colorado State
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