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History and personal identity
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There are several reasons why we have to study the workings of large-group or ethnic identity and the role of mental representation which shapes identity through historical events. First, every individual identity that a person possesses is strongly intertwined with a large-group identity. We can find the clue to understanding the ways how group identity shows mental conflicts. Second, the mental representations of historical events are a secret link between individual and large-group psychology. Without this significant element, we will never fully grasp the workings of large-group psychology. Third, when an individual’s symptomatic expressions are inflected by large-group historical experience, the psychopathology connects individual to their …show more content…
Large-group identity can be explained as the subjective experience of plenty of people which is linked by a sense of sameness. Also, they share characteristics with others in foreign groups. Despite the fact that people usually feel that they are all extensions of each other as members of their group, people who are under the canvas of a large-group identity do differentiate themselves within the large group. For example, it can be explained by profession, clan, family and social status.
This explanation of how individual identity is related with large-group identity address why the notion of serious threats to a large-group identity cause a shared psychic terrors or confusion. The large-group identity comes out to member’s primary concern through shared stress and repair. However, the tent canvas tend to remain erect when a leader and followers in such circumstances under shared main goal. According to Volkan, he identified seven threads as a chosen traumas which is mental representations of past shared historical
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I have explained the concepts of individual and large-group identity based on Volkan’s article. Also, particularly focuses on chosen trauma which refers to the shared mental representation of a past historical event. The historical event which they receive from an enemy group during suffering losses or humiliation. Due to the immeasurable of the trauma, group members leave with psychological wounds or humiliation which they pass down from generation to generation. Subsequent generations have gone through many tasks just as mourning losses or humiliation. The mental representation original trauma becomes a group identity’s larker since the given tasks are shared by most members of the group. A political leaders tend to reactivate chosen traumas during times of extreme change in a large-group’s history or during the large-group regression. This reactivation might become a foothold to go further the existing large-group
person’s idea of who they are are directly affected by the groups they’re in. When they
The inherent desire to belong to a group is one that is fundamental to human nature. In his article “Evolution and Our Inner Conflict,” Edward O. Wilson writes, “A person’s membership in his group – his tribe – is a large part of his identity.” Wilson explores multilevel group selection and the proclivity for people to define themselves based on their belonging to the group. He goes on to say that people often form these groups with those who look like them and belong to the same culture or ethnic group. In the novels Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko and The Puttermesser Papers by Cynthia Ozick, the identities of the protagonist are predominantly shaped by the ethnicities and heritages that they identify with.
Although the concept of identity is recurrent in our daily lives, it has interpreted in various ways.
Kwame Appiah, author of Racial Identities, explores the complexity between individual and collective identity. Throughout the text, Appiah attempts to define these complicated notions, noting their similarities and differences. He calls upon the ideas of other philosophers and authors to help formulate his own. Essentially, individual and collective identity are very much intertwined. Appiah argues that collective identities are very much related to behavior. There is not one particular way a certain ethnic group acts, but instead “modes of behavior (Appiah 127).” These behavioral acts provide loose norms or models. However, Appiah also notes that it is how individuals essentially make or allow these collective identities to become central
People identify themselves using not only qualities within them, but through culture and family as well. Through these few examples, it is easy to see some of the foundations that can foster an entire, complex identity. It is understandable how interesting and varied humans can be, drawing from so many directions to build who they are. Identity is not very complex at all, it comes through living day to day.
Tajifel, H. a. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/258189
Some of these long term effects might include a political, ideological shift and a positive effect on the victim’s political perspective. In brief, it was discussed that survivors of wartime victimization become more involved in political debate, and develop trusting relationships with other citizens than those who did not experience victimization. The overall thesis of the article was that civil war victimization affects long term political identities. In addition the extent of the identity differs depending on the type of victimization that was done; physical, psychological, etc. Being a witness or victim to a harsh crime has extreme effects on one’s psychological state, which can then lead to changes in political identity. The effects of war victimization are divided up into 3 categories; 1. Rejection of identity of the armed group (perpetrator of violent act experienced), 2. Acceptance of identity of perpetrator (due to fear of retribution), or 3. Demobilization/apathy (rejecting all parties involved in conflict). The first leads to political support of rivaling group(s), the second leads to support for armed group, and the third leads to a decreased political interest in general. Finally, there is the possibility that victimization has no effect on a person’s political
In society, people react to adversity differently. They may choose to overcome those difficulties or they are unable to adapt to those adversity can cause them to suffer from loss of identity.
... M. & Terry, D. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
Some of the strengths of the social identity theory are that; throughout the years it has supported many empirical studies, it has also demonstrated the social categorization in intergroup behaviors, allowed us to differentiate between social and personal identities and has provide explanations for other areas of psychology (conformity). A weaknesses of the Social identity theory is that its application is restricted in the sense that it has very low ecological validity. Another weakness is that SIT favors situational factors rather than dispositional is not supported by evidence. The social Identity theory can be used to how to explain how we form our social and personal identities in the terms of in and out groups. SIT can also be used to explain why there is conflict between humans and different societies.
The focus on ethnic schema is how individuals are collectively protecting and fighting for their interest as a group, which has led to ranking such as minority groups depending on their indomitable strength over others. The new system of ethnic schema promotes ethnic identity that is imperative to ones well- being. However, the shift from race to ethnic group has been implicated with the concern on historical issues. The members of certain groups are not only concerned with their past but also their interaction with members of other ethnic group (Blu, 1979). History has been termed as an important feature that describes an ethnic group based on their shared experiences and traditions and of common heritage. However, in terms of racial classification, history is rendered irrelevant since race is a biological construct. History as asserted by on the African Americans women has been the potent feature that symbolises ethnicity structure among
Social identity theory can be applied to many different problems and real life situations. It demonstrates the role of categorization in behaviors, and explores how being part of a group affects social interaction in everyday life.
At the Group level, individuals share similar characteristics with their counterparts in the same group. Different groups are identified by race, gender, class among others. Individuals within a collective group share similar beliefs, values, social practices, and rules.
Burke, P.J. & Stets, J.E. (2000). Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly 63(3), 224-237
Developing a group’s identity can be difficult as an identity is a multi-faceted project due to the clashing of multiple egos and personalities. The crucial points of development are: which team building perspective to work from, how to prevent role conflict and encourage role acceptance, and encourage personal and interpersonal cohesion which leads to group cohesion.