c. Land subsidence risks
Land subsidence in Jakarta is triggered by natural and anthropogenic process. Since Jakarta is located on alluvial plain, natural-compaction of deposits causes land subsidence (Chaussard et al., 2013). On the other hand, anthropogenic-induced land subsidence is a result of inappropriate human activities with government plan. Raucoules, Colesanti, & Carnec (2007) and Yuill, Lavoie, & Reed (2009) enlightened that some anthropogenic processes of land subsidence results from groundwater extraction, surface water drainage change, sediment loading, and other human-induced activities. As consequence, land subsidence due to groundwater extraction restricts sustainable development of resources, environment, and economy (Wang,
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Recently, products of coconut tree are featured product in Indragiri Hilir with the total of plantation area are 2,953.4 thousand hectares, equal with 25.45 percent of total area. In addition, the width of oil palm plantation is 763.5 thousand hectares or equal with 6.57 percent of total area. According to Budidarsono et al. (2013), oil palm plantation in Sumatera, including Indragiri Hilir is a part of big wave booming on land grabbing in Sumatera. It is estimated that around 6 million ha of land in Sumatera is now under oil palm. However, the total area cleared is three times as much, involving the conversion of about 18 million ha of forest (Forest Peoples Programme (FPP)(Moreton-in-Marsh). & Watch, 2007). Oil palm plantation booming is the result of globalization, liberalization, and worldwide boom in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (Zoomers, 2010; Zoomers, 2011). Indonesia government had set a target of 15 million hectares of oil palm by 2020, although by 2010 oil palm plantations encompassed 7.56 million hectares (USDA 2010). If the expansion of coconut and oil palm plantation continuously occurs in Indragiri Hilir, the risk of land subsidence will be
3. 120 MY : Continued erosion of the land as it is slowly uplifted and
Gabrysh, R. K. "Land surface subsidence in the Houston-Galveston region." IASH Publ. (1969): pp. 43-44.
The efforts required by reforestation may not initially be cost effective, but it will result in not only the survivability of the environment, but of the country’s economy. Widespread awareness of these ideas will help fight against the natural human tendency towards instant gratification and short-term goals. Different methods of logging can be utilized to allow the rainforests to survive and regrow naturally and at a sustainable
With urban population growth, both ecological and industrial consequences directly affect those in poverty and the urban poor. Slums usually develop in the worst types of terrain, and lead to flooding, landslides, and fires that destroy thousands of people’s homes. Yet population growth and the amounts of waste created by urban civilizations are also pushed on the hidden faces and locations of those on the outskirts of the cities. “If natural hazards are magnified by urban poverty, new and entirely artificial hazards are created by poverty’s interactions with toxic industries, anarchic traffic, and collapsing infrastructures” (Davis 128).
Many companies have turned to sustainable palm oil, palm oil that is produced on plantations that reuse the land for their agricultural purposes, thus supplying more palm oil without the destruction of natural forests. Some choose to boycott palm oil entirely, but this alternative will not significantly change the demand for palm oil. Vegetable oil is used abundantly and oil palm trees are the quickest producing oil crops, concluding them necessary to satisfy the demand for edible oils. Not only is palm oil versatile for its uses and quick to produce, but it is a major component to the economy in Indonesia and Malaysia. Many people living in these countries struggle with poverty, and agriculture of sustainable palm oil is how a great deal of people support themselves and their families. If the boycott of palm oil were successful, a considerable population of people would be unemployed and
Human activity is one of the leading causes of the disappearance of coastal wetlands. As the human population increases in coastal cities so does the demand for more land. Urbanization is causing enormous amounts of devastation to the existing wetlands. Unrestricted development is causing the erosion of soil, which is dumping foreign sediments into the wetlands polluting the water and disturbing the ecosystem. According to Lee et al. (2006) “Urbanization is a major cause of loss of coastal wetlands. Urbanization also exerts significant influences on the structure and function of coastal wetlands, mainly through modifying the hydrological and sedimentation regimes, and the dynamics of nutrients and chemical pollutants”. Restrictions on the development...
In Indonesia, 8.828 million hectares of forests have been destroyed (see appendix 2). Around fifty acres of forests are removed every minute, not o...
Nowadays deforestation is the one of the most important and controversial environmental issues in the world. Deforestation is cutting down, clearing away or burning trees or forests. Particularly tropical rainforests are the most waning type of forests because of its location in developing countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, India, central African countries and Brazil. Deforestation rate in those regions is high enough to worry about, because of large economic potential of forest areas. As the result of causes such as agriculture land expansion, logging for timber, fire blazing and settling infrastructure there might be serious impacts in future. For instance, extinction of endemic species of animals and plants which will be feral, increase of greenhouse gas emissions which may lead to global warming and consecutive catastrophes, destruction of home for indigenous residents which is considered as violation of human rights. Some people can argue with these drawbacks telling that deforestation have more valuable benefits such as growth of economics, production of food and providing better opportunities for life for poor families. However, these benefits are quite temporary and government of that countries and world organisations tries to halt deforestation proposing several solutions. Deforestation problem is especially acute in the Brazilian Amazon, where its rate is much high comparing with other regions. This paper will describe world-wide rainforests, causes and effects of deforestation, and evaluate possible solutions of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
GreenPalm (2015) states how ‘the removal of acres of rainforest threatens the rich biodiversity’ in the ‘ecosystems’. Highlighting the risks of the cutting of the oil palm trees to produce the palm oil to both the environment and also the organisms which live within the areas, as certain species in the areas of the clearing of land, mainly with the palm oil ‘exported from Indonesia and Malaysia’ according to Say-No-To-Palm-Oil (2015), face possible extinction. There is still however ways in which the production of palm oil can be sustainable to the environment, as palm oil is essential for the use by humans because of the containment of the nutrients and also with the production of foods and
Ever since then the deforestation for resources has dramatically increased to an alarming rate. Every second we lose an area of two football fields and every week an area twice as big as Rhode Island. The Rainforests once covered fourteen percent of the Earth compared to the two percent now. In the...
Urbanization has to deal with the construction of new modernized construction and the use of technology, in total it means advancing from the local to make modernized place and an industrial site. Also it includes the construction of infrastructural buildings, infrastructural buildings are buildings that are constructed for the betterment of the country for the people it includes hospital, schools, bridges, water supplies and different other buildings. Most of the land were covered by the trees, and they only few people living there, in order to develop a modernized place, or an urbanized place, construction needs to be made. In the determination of making an urbanized place where factories and all could be done, practice such as deforestation is done. Lands that were filled with tees are then cutting in order to satisfy the project of urbanization. The urbanized places are still developing which increases the rate of
Indeed, many global cities face compelling urban planning issues like urban sprawl, population, low density development, overuse of non-renewable natural recourses, social inequities and environmental degradation. These issues affect the cities themselves, the adjacent regions and often even globally. The resulting ecological footprint upsets the balance in adjacent rural and natural areas. Unplanned or organic development leads to urban sprawl, traffic problems, pollution and slums (as evident in the case of Mumbai city). Such unplanned development causes solid waste management and water supply to fall inadequate. Urban sprawl gives rise to low density development and car dependent communities, consequently leading to increased urban flooding, low energy efficiency, longer travel time and destruction of croplands, forests and open spaces for development.
Although subsistence activities have dominated agriculture-driven deforestation in the tropics to date, large-scale commercial activities are playing an increasingly significant role. In the Amazon, industrial-scale cattle ranching and soybean production for world markets are increasingly important causes of deforestation, and in Indonesia, the conversion of tropical forest to commercial palm tree plantations to produce bio-fuels for export is a major cause of deforestation on Borneo and Sumatra.
Living in Bangladesh, we have seen quite disastrous mudslides from the past few years. Mudslide is also called a landslide or a land slip. It is a downward mass movement of earth or rock on unstable slopes, including many forms resulting from differences in rock structure, coherence of material involved, degree of slope, amount of included water, extent of natural or artificial undercutting at the base of the slope, relative rate of movement, and relative quantity of material involved. There are numerous facts that can cause a mudslide and there are also numerous effects that it can cause us.
For example, October 19, 2015, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI) and neighboring islands were blanketed with heavy smoke which was caused by a fire in Indonesia and Malaysia. our islands and other neighboring islands caused by a fire in Indonesia and Malaysia. According to CNN's articles, this fire was caused by an annual burning of land for the production of pulp, paper and palm oil on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. According to Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency, this a crime against is humanity. Most of this fire incidents were contributed by farmers who slash and burn peat forest to make way for agricultural land. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of palm oil in the world, their economy was affected and the destruction of their wildlife habitat. This fire and haze have a big impact to the population of Indonesia and other affected islands. However, scientists are monitoring the huge amount of carbon dioxide was released into the air. Moreover, according to the World Resources Institute in the recent report since early September, carbon emission from the fires had exceed average U. S. daily output from 26 to 44 days. Researchers say, that moist, forested areas is more likely to face greater threats from wildfire as it grows drier and hotter. Temperatures and precipitations are still potentials for