Introduction
Labeling and stigmatization, no matter it is due to illness or difference in race, social status, occupation, etc., is a huge and complex problem and common in history which cause many conflicts and even wars in the world. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), not only applied to the labeling theory, it suffered the most. People discriminate AIDS more severe than other infectious disease. Stigmatization induces discrimination, which is more painful and stressful than physical discomfort of the illness itself. People infected with AIDS cannot gain sympathy but criticism instead. However, this situation is very serious globally, including Hong Kong.
Unfortunately, numbers of infected person multiply rapidly all over the world. According to William C. Cockerham (1998) reported in his book that the United Nation estimated, up to 40 million people, may be infected with AIDS by the year 2000. In Hong Kong, referred to fig.1.1-1.7, the situation is similar, the report of infected cases increase continuously.
So, before invention of new treatment or vaccination, preventing AIDS transmission is the most important issue, which can only be achieved by enhancing the understanding and minimizing discrimination by general public. It is because misperception promotes bias, but bias causing stigmatization and discrimination, which affects social order and civilization and also promotes transmission. To realize discrimination induced by bias, label and stigma, we¡¯ll look deeper into what labelling and stigmatization are, why AIDS infected person stigmatized the most, what the bad outcome will be and what extent the discrimination is in Hong Kong.
Definition
Labeling is a process of defining an act as a deviant behavior and applies ¡®diagnosis¡¯ (Jones, Linda, 1994, p.408), by informal (e.g. layman) or official (e.g. doctors, lawyer, police, social worker) social control agents. Therefore, label is a definition of normal or deviance, the labelled person lost his/her original, real identity. Instead, this label attach to the person, define the characteristics he/she possess, and indicate what type of a person he/she is (Phelan, J.C and B.G. Link, 1999, p.140-141). After labelling, primary deviance, the behavior oppose social norms, that can be unnoticed, ignored or rationalized previously, is transformed to secondary deviance (Jones, 1994, p.407), in this state, deviant role is applied and confirmed, societal response (e.g. stigma, avoidance, indifferent, compassion, caring, apathy) then start, that reflect social and psychological impact of the diagnostic label.
Stigmatization, is a process through which a label become a stigma, a deviant person become stigmatized (Goffman, 1963,Jones et al.
Even after the disease and its modes of transmission had been correctly identified, fear and ignorance remained widespread. In the mid 1980s, “AIDS hysteria” became a well known term in the media and public life. For example, a magazine published details about how extensive AIDS/HIV related discrimination became. “Anxiety over AIDS in some parts of the U.S. is verging on hysteria,” the authors wrote; they later published this disturbing example:
through the illness not being identified as an illness, is a social stigma and inadequate
The Modified Labelling Theory, created by Link et al., (1989) hypothesized that individuals who were labeled as mentally ill, would manage the stigma they faced through three coping mechanisms; education, withdrawal and secrecy (as cited in Ray & Brooks Dollar, 2014). The Modified Labelling Theory is a credible theory that has been used to approach not only the repercussions of stigma in mental illness, but also to explain behaviours of those who smoke, live with HIV/AIDS, or have a child with a disability (Ray & Brooks Dollar,
The stigmatization and discrimination that goes hand and hand with a positive diagnosis of HIV/AIDS is overwhelming. FreeDictonary.com defines discrimination as the “treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice.” In essence, discrimination is about actions and stigma relates to beliefs and attitudes. Both however are built up on negative views of a person just because they are apart of a specific group. All over the world, there are well-documented cases of people living with HIV that are being denied the right to health- care, work, education, and freedom of movement, among others. (UNAIDS 2005) This stigma and discrimination exist globally, although it appears differently...
Thoit, Link, Bruce G., and Jo C. Phelan. "Labeling and Stigma." Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Springer Netherlands, 2013. 525-541.
There exists conflicting theories among sociologists in the area of determining why a person is considered to be a deviant, and the reasons behind why he or she has committed a deviant act. From a positivistic perspective, deviance is based on biological or social determinism. Alternatively, from a constructionist perspective, deviance is created and assigned by society. Both perspectives seek to give a theory for why a person may become known as deviant. Although they both view similar acts as deviant, the basic differences between positivists and constructionists theories are clear.
In the article Issues and Controversies says, "Throughout most of human history, people with mental illness were ostracized, isolated, and persecuted." ( Infobase,1) This belief system can give causation of mental illness in different cultures and such influences in a community will always be in a negative manner. Various societies struggle with the notion of mental health. The standards of every culture believe to be considered normal, natural, or healthy. These views lead to disagreements about the causes, diagnosis, and the treatment of the disorders. Many people with mental problems are discriminated against because of their mental disorder. Mental illness and stigma refers to the view of the person with mental illness as having undesirable traits. Stigma leads to negative behavior, stereotyping, and discriminatory behavior towards the person with mental health issues. This stigma causes the affected person to experience denial or shame of their condition. Perceived stigma can result in the patient being scared to seek help. Stigma can be divided into two perspectives, public and self stigma. Upadhyay says, "Public stigma occurs when the general
Self-stigma refers to the extent of self-concurrence with negative stereotypes of mental illness and to the extent to which these self-stigmatizing thoughts emerge habitually in everyday life. Self-stigma can occur at an unconscious, uncontrollable, unintentional, or efficient way. An unconscious way, is when an individual is having self-stigmatizing thoughts without being aware. An efficient way, is when an individual uses minimal attention to have self-stigmatizing thoughts. An unintentional way, is when the individual has no need for having self-stigmatizing thoughts but still has them. Lastly, an uncontrollable way is when the individual has a difficult time trying to get rid of the self-stigmatizing thoughts. If an individual cannot cope well with their self-stigma then it leads to even more frequent self-stigmatizing thoughts. This can lead to the self-stigmatizing thoughts to become a mental habit. This means that the self-stigmatizing thoughts become more repetitive and automatic. Not only can self-stigmatizing thoughts become a mental habit, but it can also result with label avoidance. Label avoidance has to do with the unwillingness to experience these stigmatizing thoughts and purposely trying to avoid them. However, label avoidance can actually make the self-stigma even worse. Label avoidance can actually increase the frequency of the thoughts. This can eventually lead to habitual
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, commonly known as HIV/AIDS is a disease, with which the human immune system, unlike in other disease, cannot cope. AIDS, which is caused by the HIV virus, causes severe disorder of the immune system and slowly progresses through stages which disable the body’s capability to protect and instead makes it vulnerable for other infections. The first blood sample to contain HIV was drawn in 1959 in Zaire, Africa while molecular genetics have suggested that the epidemic first began in the 1930s (Smallman & Brown, 2011). Currently, according to the Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS, 35.3 million people worldwide are living with HIV. In 2012, an estimated 2.3 million people became newly infected with the virus and 1.6 million people lost their lives to AIDS (Fact Sheet, UNAIDS). It is due to the globalized international society that a disease which existed in one part of the world has managed to infect so many around the world. Globalization is narrowly defined by Joseph Stiglitz as "the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies" (Stiglitz, 2003). Globalization has its effects in different aspects such as economy, politics, culture, across different parts of the world. Like other aspects, globalization affects the health sector as well. In a society, one finds different things that connect us globally. As Barnett and Whiteside point out (2000), “health and wellbeing are international concerns and global goods, and inherent in the epidemic are lessons to be learned regarding collective responsibility for universal human health” (Barnett & Whiteside, 2000). Therefore, through all these global connections in the international society, t...
Stigma is socially constructed and displayed through exclusion, blame, or devaluation of an individual or a group of individuals because of a negative social judgment towards these individual(s) (Cockerham 2014). Stigma comes in several forms, whether that be the stigmatization of one’s physical irregularities or mental irregularities. Whereas, Cockerham (2014) defines discrimination as when an individual or group of individuals unfairly and prejudicially behave towards certain forms of human-beings or objects. Discrimination can also take on many forms. People can discriminate against practically anything, but some of the most common forms are discrimination against one’s age, gender, sex, race, physical illness, and, of course, mental illness.
Emily Shaw Snelgrove English 12 03/26/15 Eradicating Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness 1 in 4 people will experience some kind of mental illness each year (Mental Health Foundation). Though mental illness is so common there is an extreme stigma surrounding it. Unfortunately people dealing with mental illness not only have to deal with an arsenal of serious symptoms, but also with hurtful social and self-stigmas. Names like psycho, nutcase, and freak have been prevalent through society for years. These social stigmas increase the fear and shame in people who may be dealing with mental illness and soon develop into self stigmas such as: “I’m crazy” and “I can’t be helped.” Behaviors such as these reinforce the negative stereotypes that bombard society. Gaining an understanding of why there is a stigma, how inaccurate stereotypes are debilitating to the function of those with mental illnesses, and how recognizing social and self-stigma surrounding mental illness will be the first steps to eradicate this problem. People with mental disorders or illnesses are far more likely to be victims than perpetrators of crimes. However in newspapers and during media coverage violent criminals are often labeled psychos, maniacs, or schizophrenics. Media, television, and music often dramatize and portray people with mental illnesses inaccurately (Polatis.) “TV shows can also damage people 's perspective of mental illness by only showing the most extreme cases. When you do that with mental illness, you’re creating a stigma that stays with people because people don’t know what the illness is”(Polatis). At this current time when the media is so prevalent in society people’s opinions easily result from depiction displayed on T.V. or in gossip magazine...
There is many sources of the stigma but one of the main source is people’s ignorance
Stigma is a powerful tool of social control. Stigma can be used to marginalize, exclude and exercise power over individuals who show certain characteristics. While the societal rejection of certain social groups (e.g. 'homosexuals, injecting drug users, sex workers') may predate HIV/AIDS, the disease has, in many cases, reinforced this stigma. By blaming certain individuals or groups, society can excuse itself from the responsibility of caring for and looking after such populations. This is seen not only in the manner in which 'outsider' groups are often blamed for bringing HIV into a country, but also in how such groups are denied access to the services and treatment they need.
The emergence of HIV/AIDS is viewed globally as one of the most serious health and developmental challenges our society faces today. Being a lentivirus, HIV slowly replicates over time, attacking and wearing down the human immune system subsequently leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) at which point the affected individual is exposed to life threatening illnesses and eventual death. Despite the fact that a few instances of this disease have been accounted for in all parts of the world, a high rate of the aforementioned living with HIV are situated in either low or medium wage procuring nations. The Sub-Saharan region Africa is recognized as the geographic region most afflicted by the pandemic. In previous years, people living with HIV or at risk of getting infected did not have enough access to prevention, care and treatment neither were they properly sensitized about the disease. These days, awareness and accessibility to all the mentioned (preventive methods, care etc.) has risen dramatically due to several global responses to the epidemic. An estimated half of newly infected people are among those under age 25(The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic). It hits hard as it has no visible symptoms and can go a long time without being diagnosed until one is tested or before it is too late to manage.